موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
Epistemology Modalized by Kelly Becker - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Introduction: Externalism and modalism Recent developments in epistemology, and in philosophy more generally, provide a promising foundation for an answer to a very old question: What is knowledge? The question stymied Plato in the Theaetetus, from which the traditional tripartite analysis of knowledge as justified true belief derives. It received fresh attention when Edmund Gettier showed that the three conditions of the traditional analysis were not jointly sufficient for knowledge. Subsequent attempts to repair the analysis of knowledge aimed (1) to amend the notion of justification to avoid the Gettier problem; (2) to add a fourth condition, for instance that there are no defeaters to one’s justification; or (3) to replace justification with some other condition that captures the requisite link between belief and truth constitutive of knowledge. 1 The uniqueness of the third strategy is not clearly defined because one could easily argue that, whatever the necessary link between belief and truth turns out to be, it just is justification. Nonetheless, I see myself as pursuing this approach because the very term ‘‘justification’’ is all too pregnant with associated notions that I believe are not essential to knowledge, and work- ing toward an account that explicitly involves justification as a necessary condition can lead us away from a proper understanding of knowledge. (A specific instance of this problem arises in Chapter 2.) Unencumbered by the requirement to explicate ‘‘justification,’’ we can inquire into the requisite belief-truth link constitutive of knowledge by testing proposals for that link against our intuitions concerning whether an agent actually knows in parti- cular cases. If we find that a correct or, at least, working account of that link does not capture the traditional conception of justification, then so be it. 2 Our topic, then, is propositional knowledge: knowledge that p for some arbitrary proposition p. I will not claim that all other forms of knowledge, for instance, knowledge by acquaintance, knowledge of one’s own phenom- enological states, and know-how, are reducible to propositional knowledge, and so do not intend to give an account of knowledge in general. This only slightly diminishes the importance of an account of propositional knowl- edge, since it is through sentences and the propositions they express that we think and talk about the world. It would be a significant advance in our understanding if we had a plausible theory of such knowledge
Evolution 2.0: Breaking the Deadlock Between Darwin and Design - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: This product is estimated to be delivered within 2-3 weeks from the dispatch date. In the ongoing debate about evolution, science and faith face off. But the truth is both sides are right and wrong. In one corner: Atheists like Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Jerry Coyne. They insist evolution happens by blind random accident. Their devout adherence to Neo-Darwinism omits the latest science, glossing over crucial questions and fascinating details. In the other corner: Intelligent Design advocates like William Dembski, Stephen Meyer, and Michael Behe. Many defy scientific consensus, maintaining that evolution is a fraud and rejecting common ancestry outright. There is a third way. Evolution 2.0 proves that, while evolution is not a hoax, neither is it random nor accidental. Changes are targeted, adaptive, and aware. You’ll discover: How organisms re-engineer their genetic destiny in real time Amazing systems living things use to re-design themselves Every cell is armed with machinery for editing its own DNA The five amazing tools organisms use to alter their genetics 70 years of scientific discoveries-of which the public has heard virtually nothing! Perry Marshall approached evolution with skepticism for religious reasons. As an engineer, he rejected the concept of organisms randomly evolving. But an epiphany-that DNA is code, much like data in our digital age-sparked a 10-year journey of in-depth research into more than 70 years of under-reported evolutionary science. This led to a new understanding of evolution-an evolution 2.0 that not only furthers technology and medicine, but fuels our sense of wonder at life itself. This book will open your eyes and transform your thinking about evolution and God. You’ll gain a deeper appreciation for our place in the universe. You’ll see the world around you as you’ve never seen it before. Evolution 2.0 pinpoints the central mystery of biology, offering a multimillion dollar technology prize at naturalcode.org to the first person who can solve it.
Experimental Design in Psychology Ninth Edition A Case Approach - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: PART I Basic Principles in Experimental Design Some people dread taking the research methods course required for most psychology majors. I’m not sure of all the reasons why, but for many they fear the course. It often has a lab compo- nent; at some universities it is worth more credit than regular content courses. It simply often has the reputation of being “hard.” Instead, for a moment, consider that research methods is exciting! It provides you the tools to be able to conduct your own research. Finally, you are in charge and you can study what you want to know. You are explorer, scientist, puzzle solver. The frst half of this book (Part I) introduces to you the basics of scientifc inquiry, including what science is and how psychological science is a subset of it. We’ll discuss how to distinguish between facts, theories, and speculation and how each are useful for developing research questions. We’ll cover the basics of the scientifc method, the specifcs of experimental design, and a review of other non-experimental research methods (so you know when it is appropriate to choose the experiment). You will be given insight into how to fnd and read the literature in psychology as well as how to plan, design, and carry out research. We will also cover the rules and procedures designed to ensure sound, ethical, and meaningful research. Throughout this material, you’ll be exposed to examples from the psychological literature that will allow you to see concepts and principles as they play out in real research studies. And in one particu- lar chapter (Chapter 7) you’ll be prompted to critically analyze experimental designs that have conceptual or technical faws. Being sensitive to mistakes will help you avoid them yourself
Exporting the European Convention on Human Rights - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: As for the right to protect one’s private and family life, as enshrined in Article 8 ECHR, the CJEU provided the very first explicit reference to the ECHR in Rutili v Minister for the Interior�53 In casu, the Convention was conceived as a source of inspiration as well as a human rights standard for determining the legality and legitimacy of the acts of Member States applying EU law. Therefore, the CJEU applied the ECHR as a clear human rights standard to also interpret the ‘public policy’ exception to the free movement of workers, justifying Member States to restrict this freedom only to the extent authorised by the ECHR, that is, when it is necessary for the protection of the interests of national security or public safety ‘in a democratic society’.54 This landmark case illustrates how the CJEU has progres- sively shaped its autonomous human rights case law, inspired, though, by the ECHR and by the common constitutional traditions of EU Member States.55 The Luxembourg Court established a much broader human rights review over their actions and paved the way for a much clearer reference to the Convention’s provi- sions as a material source of EU legal order, rather than a source of inspiration.56 Nonetheless, besides the consensus in this field, conflicts and inconsistencies between the two European jurisdictions have not been sidestepped. The main preoccupation of the following section is thus to unveil the extent to which the CJEU has directly referred to ECHR norms to protect private and family life57 with regard to the most controversial fields of data protection and migration/ asylum cases.
From Darwin to Derrida Selfish Genes, Social Selves, and the Meanings of Life - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Evolutionary theory can be a nasty business. Perhaps it has something to say about human nature. Most scientifically respectable evolutionary theories wear garments of math. I think of mathematical models as disciplined metaphors. We use x to represent something in the world, say slugs, and y to represent something else, say lettuces, then we analyze the relation of x to y using mathematics. We imagine that slugs and lettuces behave like x and y in the model, and then we use how x and y behave in the model to understand how slugs and lettuces behave in the world. Nobody can argue with mathematical models—that is one of the points of using mathematics—but there can be endless arguments about what you put into a model and what you leave out, and endless arguments about what the model means, because metaphors can be interpreted in many ways. I am not criticizing the use of metaphors—far from it, they are essential. All that we know about the world is metaphor. Our perceptions are a virtual reality, not the thing in itself but something that stands in the place of the thing. Phenomena are metaphors used to comprehend things. Don’t worry, this book contains almost no mathematics; but, if you don’t like metaphor, then this is probably a good time to return the book and ask for a refund.
Game storming by Dave Gray Sunni Brown James Macanufo - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Imagine a boy playing with a ball. He kicks the ball against a wall, and the ball bounces back to him. He stops the ball with his foot and kicks it again. By engaging in this kind of play, the boy learns to associate certain movements of his body with the movements of the ball in space. We could call this associative play. Now imagine that the boy is waiting for a friend. The friend appears, and the two boys begin to walk down a sidewalk together, kicking the ball back and forth as they go. Now the play has gained a social dimension; one boy's actions suggest a response, and vice versa. You could think of this form of play as a kind of improvised conversation, where the two boys engage each other using the ball as a medium. This kind of play has no clear beginning or end; rather, it flows seamlessly from one state into another. We could call this streaming play. Now imagine that the boys come to a small park, and that they become bored simply kicking the ball back and forth. One boy says to the other, "Let's take turns trying to hit that tree. You have to kick the ball from behind this line." The boy draws a line by dragging his heel through the dirt. "We'll take turns kicking the ball. Each time you hit the tree you get a point. First one to five wins." The other boy agrees and they begin to play. Now the play has become a game; a fundamentally different kind of play. What makes a game different? We can break down this very simple game into some basic components that separate it from other kinds of play.Imagine a boy playing with a ball. He kicks the ball against awall, and the ball bounces back to him. He stops the ball with hisfoot and kicks it again. By engaging in this kind of play, the boylearns to associate certain movements of his body with themovements of the ball in space. We could call this associativeplay.Now imagine that the boy is waiting for a friend. The friendappears, and the two boys begin to walk down a sidewalktogether, kicking the ball back and forth as they go. Now theplay has gained a social dimension; one boy's actions suggest aresponse, and vice versa. You could think of this form of play as akind of improvised conversation, where the two boys engageeach other using the ball as a medium. This kind of play has noclear beginning or end; rather, it flows seamlessly from one stateinto another. We could call this streaming play.Now imagine that the boys come to a small park, and that theybecome bored simply kicking the ball back and forth. One boysays to the other, "Let's take turns trying to hit that tree. Youhave to kick the ball from behind this line." The boy draws a lineby dragging his heel through the dirt. "We'll take turns kickingthe ball. Each time you hit the tree you get a point. First one tofive wins." The other boy agrees and they begin to play. Now theplay has become a game; a fundamentally different kind of play.What makes a game different? We can break down this verysimple game into some basic components that separate it fromother kinds of play.
HISTORY by John Higham, Leonard Krieger and Felix Gilbert - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: From the time of the earliest English settlements in America, men and women of many sorts have been writing history. No one group has ever had a monopoly of the production of competent histories. Leadership in setting standards, however, has usually belonged to a particular class. Twice this leadership has changed hands. During the seventeenth century the best history was written by Puritan clergymen and by lay officials associated with them in creat- ing a new Zion in the wilderness. They wrote hastily, in whatever moments they could spare from active labors in behalf of the Puritan cause. Their history was a further extension of scripture: a chronicle of God's inscrutable will working within their own community. Clergymen long remained one of the most numerous species of his- torical writers, but their importance diminished as the church ceased to form the cultural center of American life. In the eighteenth century, patrician historians came to the fore. The growth of private wealth allowed a margin of leisure time for their studies. The weightiness of history appealed to the strong sense of social responsibility that characterized many American gentlemen; to them the historian was the ultimate human judge of men and events. They strove-without always succeeding, of course-to play a judicial role fairly and impartially, for the patrician, untrammeled by religious orthodoxy, prided himself on his independence of mind. He participated in a wide, transatlantic literary culture and wrote for an unspecialized, cultivated audience.1 During the greater part of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the patrician historian held the center of the stage, and in the works of Thomas Hutchinson, Charles Gayarre, Francis Parkman, Henry C. Lea, and others, his history reached a high level of accuracy and distinction.
Housing Policy in the United States Fourth Editio - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Introduction In its preamble to the 1949 Housing Act, Congress declared its goal of “a decent home in a suit- able living environment for every American family.” In the more than 60 years since this legisla- tion was passed, the federal government has helped fund the construction and rehabilitation of more than 5 million housing units for low-income households and provided rental vouchers to nearly 2 million additional families. Yet, the nation’s housing problems remain acute. In 2017, 44.7 million households lived in physically deficient housing, spent 30 percent or more of their income on housing, or were homeless (U.S. Census Bureau 2018; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 2018). Put differently, about 113 million Americans—around 35 per- cent of the nation’s population and more than triple the 28.5 million lacking health insurance in 2017 (Berchick, Hood, & Barnett 2018)—confronted serious housing problems or had no housing at all.1 This book tells the story of how the United States has tried to address the nation’s housing problems. It looks at the primary policies and programs designed to make decent and affordable housing available to Americans of modest means. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of these policies and programs and the challenges that still remain. The book takes a broad view of housing policy, focusing not only on specific housing subsidy programs, such as public housing, but also on the federal income tax code and regulations affecting mortgage lending, land use decisions, real estate transactions, and other activities integral to the housing market. Some of these broader aspects of housing policy provide financial incentives for investments in affordable housing, others attempt to make housing available to low-income and minority households and communities by penalizing discriminatory practices and through other regulatory interventions. Put simply, then, this book is about policies and programs designed to help low-income and other disadvantaged individuals and households access decent and affordable housing. It examines programs and policies that subsidize housing for low-income households or that attempt to break down institutional barriers, such as discriminatory practices in the real estate industry that impede access to housing. The book is intended to be a general overview of housing policy. It is beyond its scope to delve deeply into programmatic details or to cover all aspects of the field in equal depth. The focus is on federal and, to a lesser degree, state and local programs and policies that subsidize housing for low-income households or otherwise attempt to make housing accessible to this population. Much less attention is given to policies concerned with the physical aspects of housing, such as design standards and building regulations—except when they are explicitly employed to promote affordable housing. The book does not examine in detail the operation of housing markets or pro- vide a comprehensive legislative history of housing policy.آیا کتاب مورد نظر هنوز بر روی سایت قرار نگرفته است؟ جای نگرانی نیست! کافی است بر روی گزینه سفارش کتاب کلیک کرده و درخواست خود را ثبت کنید. در کمتر از چند ساعت کتاب شما را آماده خواهیم کرد.