Exporting the European Convention on Human Rights - Original PDF

دانلود کتاب Exporting the European Convention on Human Rights - Original PDF

Author: Maria-Louiza Deftou

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As for the right to protect one’s private and family life, as enshrined in Article 8 ECHR, the CJEU provided the very first explicit reference to the ECHR in Rutili v Minister for the Interior�53 In casu, the Convention was conceived as a source of inspiration as well as a human rights standard for determining the legality and legitimacy of the acts of Member States applying EU law. Therefore, the CJEU applied the ECHR as a clear human rights standard to also interpret the ‘public policy’ exception to the free movement of workers, justifying Member States to restrict this freedom only to the extent authorised by the ECHR, that is, when it is necessary for the protection of the interests of national security or public safety ‘in a democratic society’.54 This landmark case illustrates how the CJEU has progres- sively shaped its autonomous human rights case law, inspired, though, by the ECHR and by the common constitutional traditions of EU Member States.55 The Luxembourg Court established a much broader human rights review over their actions and paved the way for a much clearer reference to the Convention’s provi- sions as a material source of EU legal order, rather than a source of inspiration.56 Nonetheless, besides the consensus in this field, conflicts and inconsistencies between the two European jurisdictions have not been sidestepped. The main preoccupation of the following section is thus to unveil the extent to which the CJEU has directly referred to ECHR norms to protect private and family life57 with regard to the most controversial fields of data protection and migration/ asylum cases.

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he Right to Private Life and EU Data Protection European data protection is, arguably, the most luminous example of crea- tive legal evolution in recent decades. In response to emerging developments in the field of information technology in the 1960s, the concept of privacy under Article 8 of the ECHR, formulated in 1950, needed to be revisited to meet with the new technological challenges and to guarantee the protection of individuals’ personal data. As a response to this growing need, the Council of Europe58 adopted various resolutions with reference to Article 8 ECHR and then, in 1981, adopted the Convention on Personal Data59 (Convention 108), a legally binding instrument providing for specific safeguards against abuses from private actors or state authorities concerning the fair and lawful collec- tion, storage and automatic processing of personal data. The ECtHR applied the notion of private life broadly, expanding the ECHR protection, at first, to cases related to interception of telephone communications in Klass60 in 1978 and in its Malone61 judgment in 1984, and progressively to cases with regard to video-surveillance in Peck62 or data storage to secret registers, as was the case in Leander63 and Rotaru�64 At this point, it should be highlighted that the Strasbourg Court also found the provisions of Article 8 ECHR applicable in cases with no relevance to the private home and the intimate sphere. The notion of ‘private life’ might embrace the development of interpersonal relationships and protect not only the domestic sphere; it might also concern data related to personal actions taking place in the public sphere, which might amount to a clear intrusion to the individual’s inner circle. For instance, in Peck, the disclosure to the media of footage filmed in public by a closed-circuit television camera, showing the applicant committing suicide was deemed a violation of Mr Peck’s right to private life

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حق بر زندگی خصوصی و حفاظت از داده های اتحادیه اروپا حفاظت از داده های اروپا، مسلماً درخشان ترین نمونه از تحول حقوقی خلاقانه در دهه های اخیر است. در پاسخ به تحولات نوظهور در حوزه فناوری اطلاعات در دهه 1960، مفهوم حریم خصوصی بر اساس ماده 8 ECHR، که در سال 1950 تدوین شد، نیاز به بازنگری برای مقابله با چالش های جدید فناوری و تضمین حفاظت از شخصیت افراد داشت. داده ها. در پاسخ به این نیاز فزاینده، شورای اروپا 58 قطعنامه های مختلفی را با اشاره به ماده 8 ECHR به تصویب رساند و سپس در سال 1981، کنوانسیون داده های شخصی 59 (کنوانسیون 108) را به تصویب رساند که یک سند قانونی الزام آور است که تضمین های خاصی را در برابر سوء استفاده از طرف خصوصی ارائه می کند. بازیگران یا مقامات دولتی در مورد جمع آوری، ذخیره سازی و پردازش خودکار داده های شخصی منصفانه و قانونی. ECtHR مفهوم زندگی خصوصی را به طور گسترده به کار برد، و حفاظت ECHR را در ابتدا به پرونده های مربوط به شنود ارتباطات تلفنی در کلاس 60 در سال 1978 و در حکم Malone61 خود در سال 1984 و به تدریج در پرونده های مربوط به نظارت تصویری در Peck62 گسترش داد. یا ذخیره داده‌ها در ثبت‌های مخفی، همانطور که در Leander63 و Rotaru64 اتفاق افتاد، در این مرحله، باید تأکید کرد که دادگاه استراسبورگ همچنین مقررات ماده 8 ECHR را در مواردی که هیچ ارتباطی با خانه خصوصی و خانواده‌های صمیمی ندارند قابل اجرا دانست. کره. مفهوم «زندگی خصوصی» ممکن است شامل توسعه روابط بین فردی باشد و نه تنها از حوزه داخلی محافظت کند. همچنین ممکن است مربوط به داده‌های مربوط به اقدامات شخصی باشد که در حوزه عمومی اتفاق می‌افتد، که ممکن است به عنوان یک نفوذ آشکار به حلقه درونی فرد باشد. به عنوان مثال، در پک، افشای فیلم‌هایی که توسط دوربین مدار بسته تلویزیونی در ملاء عام فیلم‌برداری شده بود و نشان می‌داد متقاضی خودکشی می‌کند، نقض حق زندگی خصوصی آقای پک در نظر گرفته شد

 

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CONTENTS Foreword ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Preface�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ix Acknowledgements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xi List of Abbreviations ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xvii Table of Cases ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xxi Table of Treaties���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xli Table of Documents ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xlv Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 PART I EXPORTING THE ECHR TO THE EU LEGAL ORDER 1. The Direct Application of the ECHR by the Luxembourg Court ...............19 I. Article 8 ECHR in CJEU Case Law: Overlapping and Divergent Jurisprudence..............................................................................19 A. The Right to Private Life and EU Data Protection ..........................20 B. The Right to Private and Family Life in Migration and Asylum Cases ................................................................................30 II. Articles 6 and 13 ECHR within the EU System: Interpretation of the Procedural Principles........................................................................34 A. The Core Elements of Fair Trial and Effective Remedy: The Protection of Legal Persons.........................................................35 B. Fair Trial Minimum Guarantees: Presence at the Trial ..................42 III. The Ne bis in Idem Principle in the CJEU Jurisprudence: New Challenges in the Post-Lisbon Era ....................................................51 IV. Conclusion ....................................................................................................64 2. The Application of the ECHR as a Restriction Mechanism of EU Law ..................................................................................................................66 I. The ECHR as a Ground for Derogation from the Internal Market Freedoms of the EU.........................................66 A. The Equilibrium between Fundamental Rights and EU Fundamental Freedoms ......................................................................66 B. The Particularity of Social Rights: Inconsistent Approaches...........74 II. The ECHR Standards of Protection: The Impact to EU Data Protection Law and Jurisprudence.............................................................83 xiv Contents III. The ECHR as an Impediment to Fundamental Rights Violations Exercised by EU Institutions: The Example of UN Sanctions ................98 A. The Bosphorus Case Formulating the Interrelationship of the Two Judicial Systems ................................................................98 B. The Decisive Step: The Kadi Saga ....................................................105 IV. The Restriction of the EU Asylum Rules in the Light of the ECtHR’s Case Law: Τhe Dublin Cases .....................................................116 A. ECtHR – CJEU Bras de Fer: Paving the Way for the Dublin Reform.......................................................................117 B. Last Breath for Dublin? .....................................................................120 V. Conclusion ..................................................................................................130 PART II EXPORTING THE ECHR TO THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER 3. Regional to Regional: The Impact of the ECtHR Case Law on Human Rights Protection in the Americas ............................................ 135 I. Introduction ................................................................................................136 II. Importing the ECtHR’s Human Rights Norms: Analogous Application or Differentiated Appraisal? ................................................140 A. The Horizontal Perspective ..............................................................140 B. The Vertical Perspective ....................................................................162 C. Conclusion ..........................................................................................178 III. The Expansion of Human Rights Protection by the IACtHR: Any Room for Cross-Fertilisation? ..............................179 A. The Proliferation of Jus Cogens Norms in the IACtHR Case Law ..............................................................................179 B. The ‘Endless Story’ of Reparations in the IACtHR Case Law .............................................................................................186 IV. Conclusion ..................................................................................................198 4. Regional to Global: Exporting the ECtHR’s Norms to the Human Rights Committee............................................................................... 200 I. Introduction ................................................................................................200 II. The Horizontal Dimension of the Interaction between the HRC and the ECtHR ...........................................................202 A. HRC: The ‘Same Thing being Already Examined’ by the ECtHR .....................................................................................202 B. The MoA of the States before the HRC: Acceptance or Opposition? ...................................................................................207 Contents xv III. The Vertical Dimension of the Interaction between HRC and ECtHR: Moving in Parallel, Deciding in Contrast .........................213 A. The Divergence in Freedom of Religion Cases ..............................213 B. The Dissonance Regarding Women’s Reproductive Rights ..........219 C. Migration Issues before the HRC: Too Close or Too Far from Strasbourg?................................................................................224 IV. Conclusion ..................................................................................................231 5. Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................ 232 Bibliography���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������240 Index ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������259

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