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Ninth edition published 2020
by Routledge
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First edition published 1971 by Harper Collins
Eighth edition published 2008 by Pearson
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-367-40652-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-40654-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-80828-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Palatino
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viii CONTENTS field-Based studies 17 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology 17 Archival research 19 Correlational studies 19 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Body Image 20 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Teen Pregnancy 21 CASE STUDY | Perception 21 survey research Methods 21 the Building Blocks for scientifc Ideas 22 facts, theories, and speculation 22 Development of Hypotheses in Experimental Psychology 22 A final Note 23 2 tHE PsyCHoLogICAL LItErAturE: rEADINg for uNDErstANDINg AND As A sourCE of rEsEArCH IDEAs 24 Hunches, Ideas, and the Psychological Literature 24 sources of Information 25 Books and Journals 25 The Internet 26 Electronic Databases: Indexes, Abstracts, full text 27 How to Search a Topic 28 reading and understanding Psychological Articles 28 Organizing Articles 29 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Deception 30 Annotated Bibliographies 30 A final Note 30 3 BAsIC ExPErIMENtAL DEsIgN IN PsyCHoLogy 31 the Logic of Experimental Design 31 operational Defnitions 32 Independent and Dependent Variables 33 Experimenter-Manipulated Independent Variables 35 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Social Cognition 35 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Person Perception 36 Experimenter-selected Independent Variables 37 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Gender Differences 37 Experimental and Control groups 38 CASE STUDY | Perception 38 CASE STUDY | Clinical Psychology 39 CASE STUDY | Conditioning and Learning 40 Within- subject Control 40 ixCONTENTS the two Meanings of Control 41 A final Note 42 4 ADVANCED DEsIgN tECHNIquEs 43 factorial Designs 43 CASE STUDY | Behavioral Psychology | Learning 44 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Attitudes and Dissonance 45 Complex factorial Designs 47 statistical signifcance 48 Cognitive Psychology | Memory and Pattern recognition 48 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Territoriality 49 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Memory 49 quasi-Experimental Designs 51 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology 52 functional Designs 53 small n Designs 53 CASE STUDY | Behavioral Analysis | Schedules of Reinforcement 55 CASE STUDY | Clinical Psychology | Schizophrenia 56 generalization of results 57 A final Note 57 5 usINg ExPErIMENtAL DEsIgN to CoNtroL VArIABLEs 58 Controlled Contrasts 58 scientifc Inferences 58 types of Control 59 Holding Conditions Constant 60 Experimental Paradigms 61 Model 1: Between-subjects Design 61 Model 2: Matched-subjects Design 62 Model 3: Within-subjects Design 63 Model 4: factorial Design 64 use of treatment and Control groups 65 Control Problem: operational Defnitions and Lack of Control 67 CASE STUDY | Experimental Psychology | Sleep Learning 67 Control Problem: Extraneous Variables 68 CASE STUDY | Behavioral Psychology | Social Deprivation and Social Reinforcement 68 Control Problem: Confounding Variables 70 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Word Perception and Recognition 70 x CONTENTS Control Problem: one-trial Learning 71 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Associative Learning 71 A final Note 72 6 CoNtroL of suBjECt VArIABLEs 73 Equality of subjects in treatment groups 73 random selection 74 random Assignment 74 Matching subjects 76 CASE STUDY | Perception 78 Within- subject Control 78 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Educational Psychology | Learning 80 subject Loss (Attrition) 80 CASE STUDY | Program Evaluation 80 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Relationships | Twin Study 81 A final Note 82 7 DEsIgN CrItIquEs 83 Experiment Brief | Neuroscience | Learning 84 Experiment Brief | Comparative Psychology | Hunger and Aggression 85 Experiment Brief | Consumer Psychology | sensation and Perception 85 Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | Learning theory 85 Experiment Brief | Personality Psychology/self-Esteem and school success 85 Experiment Brief | Biological Psychology | Biofeedback 86 Experiment Brief | Personality Psychology | Motivation and Learning 86 Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | Punishment and Learning 86 Experiment Brief | social Psychology | Attitudes 86 Experiment Brief | Clinical Psychology | schizophrenia 87 Experiment Brief | Clinical Psychology | Parenting and Mental Illness 87 Experiment Brief | Behavioral Psychology | Learning 87 Experiment Brief | Health Psychology | Industrial organizational Psychology | Workplace Health Hazards 87 Experiment Brief | social Psychology | Advertising and social Infuence 88 xiCONTENTS Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | teaching of Psychology | Learning 88 Experiment Brief | Clinical Psychology | Drug treatment and schizophrenia 88 Experiment Brief | Comparative Psychology | Behavioral Psychology | Learning 88 Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | Perception | object recognition | Learning 89 Experiment Brief | Educational Psychology | Personality Psychology 89 Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | Creativity and Intelligence 90 Experiment Brief | Developmental Psychology | social Psychology 89 Experiment Brief | social Psychology | group Processes 89 Experiment Brief | Clinical Psychology | therapy outcomes 90 Experiment Brief | social Psychology | Political Psychology 90 Experiment Brief | social Psychology | Health Psychology 91 Experiment Brief | Cognitive Psychology | Perception and Learning A final Note 91 91 8 EtHICs of ExPErIMENtAL rEsEArCH 92 Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 92 Preamble 93 General Principles 94 Principle A: Benefcence and Nonmalefcence 94 Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility 94 Principle C: Integrity 94 Principle D: Justice 94 Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity 94 Section 3: Human Relations 94 Section 7: Education and Training 95 Section 8: Research and Publication 95 research with Human Participants 98 Institutional review Boards (IrBs) 99 Ethical Compliance Checklist 100 Case studies 100 CASE STUDY | Personality Psychology 100 CASE STUDY | Health Psychology 101 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Morality 101 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Memory 101 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Decision Making 102 xii CONTENTS CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Developmental Psychology 102 CASE STUDY | Industrial Organizational Psychology 102 CASE STUDY | Social Psychology | Attitudes 103 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Eyewitness Memory 103 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Learning 104 A final Note 104 9 tHE rEsEArCH ProCEss 105 Doing science 105 getting Ideas 105 open science Movement 107 Pre-registration 108 Practical Considerations 109 Consider a Replication Study 109 Evaluating Research Resources and Needs 109 Funding Research 110 Grants 110 securing Institutional review Board (IrB) Approval 112 Performing a Pilot Experiment/study 113 Conducting your Experiment 113 Analyzing your Data 113 Writing a research Paper 115 Writing Style 115 guidelines to reduce Bias in Language 117 Plagiarism revisited 120 Parts of a Manuscript 120 Title Page 121 Abstract 121 Introduction 122 Method 122 Results 123 Discussion 123 References 123 Appendix and Supplemental Materials 123 sample Manuscript 123 subjects or Participants? 130 reporting Data 130 Quantifying Observations 130 Statistics 131 Bar Graphs or Histograms 131 Planning a research Project 107 xiiiCONTENTS Figures and Functions 131 Illustrations 131 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Face Recognition 132 submitting your Manuscript 132 CASE STUDY | Cognitive Psychology | Memory 133 CASE STUDY | Comparative Psychology | Memory 134 Conference Presentations 135 Poster Sessions 136 A final Note 138 PArt II ANALysIs of ExPErIMENts 139 10 tHE LooK of LoVE 143 Introduction 143 special Issue | Multiple Experiments 143 Analysis 144 11 EMotIoNs AND CHroNIC fAtIguE 153 Introduction 153 special Issue | Within and Between subject factors 153 Analysis 155 12 tEMPErAturE AND LoNELINEss 169 special Issue | replication 169 Analysis 170 13 VIoLENt MEDIA 185 Introduction 185 special Issue | Multiple studies 185 special Issue | Creation of stimulus Materials 185 14 AggrEssIoN AND sCHIzoPHrENIA 193 Introduction 193 special Issue | single subject Design 193 Analysis 194 15 WorKPLACE DEVIANCE 200 Introduction 200 special Issue | Conducting research online 200 Analysis 201 xiv CONTENTS 16 CoNtroLLINg rACIAL PrEjuDICE 211 Introduction 211 special Issue | special Apparatus (fMrI) 211 Analysis 212 17 CHILDrEN’s rEAsoNINg 225 Introduction 225 special Issue | Children as research Participants 225 18 fALsE CoNfEssIoNs 234 special Issue | Applications to the real World 234 special Issue | Deception and Confederates 234 Introduction 234 Analysis 235 19 ANDrogENs AND toy PrEfErENCE 242 Introduction 242 special Issue | subject Variables 242 special Issue | “Politically Incorrect” findings 242 special Issue | Programmatic research 243 20 LANguAgE- trAINED CHIMPANzEEs 253 Introduction 253 special Issue | using Animals in Psychological research 253 Analysis 255 21 PEEr ExCELLENCE AND quIttINg 266 Introduction 266 special Issue | Manipulation Checks 266 22 rEMEMBErINg AND EyEs 282 special Issue | small n Designs 282 special Issue | Psychophysical research 282 special Issue | special Apparatus: Eye tracking 282 Analysis 283 23 NoN- suICIDAL sELf-INjury 290 Introduction 290 special Issue | random selection and random Assignment 290 special Issue | Attrition 290 xvCONTENTS 24 PoLICE rEsPoNsEs to CrIMINAL susPECts 309 Introduction 309 special Issue | studying Complex social Behavior in the Laboratory 309 special Issue | research questions from the real World 309 Analysis 310 25 sLEEP LEArNINg 317 Introduction 317 special Issue | Null findings 317 A fINAL, fINAL NotE 324 APPENDIx A: CoMPutAtIoNAL ProCEDurEs for BAsIC stAtIstICs 325Otto MacLin APPENDIx B: stAtIstICAL tABLEs 341 Glossary 347References 355Name Index 360Subject Index 362

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