موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
History of Economic Ideas From Adam Smith to Paul Krugman - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: xv Introduction Economic Science is the Social Science that studies the activities of people associ- ated with the creation of goods and services, with the real-world economic and financial transactions, both at the individual and collective levels. Economic Science is based on one or more theories, which are shaped, co-constructed or replaced with each other with the aid of quantitative analysis (mathematics, statistics, economet- rics, experiments, etc.). Economic Theory, in turn, is an abstract description of the functioning of the extremely complex real world, where new scientific knowledge does not emerge from ‘nowhere’ but arises out of existing knowledge, in a dialectical relationship with the ‘existing’ and very often to its negation. Therefore, science develops and evolves as a ‘living organism’, and often one scientific theory is followed by another in continuity, extension or even opposition to the previous one. Therefore, in order to have a body of knowledge for understanding Economics, we must delve into the various individual ‘truths’ of each theory and, therefore, we must look back to the work of earlier thinkers, within a science that is constantly evolving. This journey of the formation of Economic Theory cannot be seen independently of its social context, since it is within this context that Economic Science has devel- oped, in response to the social conditions that prevailed and their evolution. Therefore, an Economic Theory without knowledge of the deeper internal as well as external causal relationships that have shaped the existing theories would lead to a sterile view.
Rudolf Hilferding What Do We Still Have to Learn from His Legacy? - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Editors and authors are, of course, grateful for the interest of our readers that has made it possible to realise a second edition now. We have made use of this happy occasion to correct mistakes we had overlooked in the first edition, to actualise the texts wherever needed, and to add four texts: one by Michael R. Krätke on the still unpublished notes of Hilferding’s last manuscript which had been published post-humously (discussed as such by F. O. Wolf), and another one, also by Krätke, on Hilferding’s cor- respondence; plus a presentation of Krzywicki, the Polish ‘equivalent’ to Hilferding, by Toporowski, as well as a contribution by the editors open- ing a perspective on Varga. We hope to fuel the incipient debate on Hilferding by providing access to these materials—which are not merely of biographical relevancy. We also have added a contribution on Eugen Varga, leading on to the next collection of texts planned in this series. All authors have had the occasion to revise their texts according to the need they could see for this. Accordingly, the new edition will serve as a use- ful tool for further developing the debate on Hilferding, after it had been unblocked from political fetters resulting from older political antagonisms. We have become aware that there is an important and specific debate on Hilferding in Japan. Minoru Kurata and Masaaki Kurotaki should at least be mentioned here. Unfortunately, we have not been able to find a Japanese author for presenting this debate authentically, for which we only Preface to the second edition xviii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION have passing references in the volume. This remains an open challenge for further research and debate.1 In finishing this volume, while the terrible ‘military operations’ gener- ated especially by Putin and his narrow power circle are unfolding, we want to underline the deep internationalist character of our work aiming at strengthening critical thinking and emancipatory-solidarity
Delegate Apportionment in the US Presidential Primaries A Mathematical Analysis - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The purpose of this book is to examine the mathematics of the delegate allocation process in the US presidential primaries. The US presidential primaries are a series of state elections held every four years that determine the Democratic and Republican Parties’ nominees for president in the general election. Presidential candidates in each party are awarded delegates based on their shares of the vote in each state contest. At the end of the primary season, each party holds a national convention. The candidate with a majority of state delegates, after one or more rounds of voting, is selected to be the party’s nominee for president. From a mathematical standpoint, the question of how to allocate delegates is largely a problem of apportionment. Apportionment problems arise when a fixed quantity (such as a number of delegates) must be divided among several constituents (such as candidates) in proportion to some attribute (such as vote share), so that each portion is a whole number. Since delegates are individuals and cannot be divided, their allocation is a matter of apportionment. Apportionment or similar allocation problems occur at multiple stages in the delegate selection process from determining how many delegates each state receives, and how they should be divided between statewide and district delegates, to determining what happens after each primary when the delegates must be awarded to the candidates based on how well they do in the election. Apportionment has been well-studied in the context of allocating state represen- tatives to the US House of Representatives in proportion to state populations. It has also been widely analyzed for its role in proportional representation systems where party seats are awarded to parties based on the vote distribution. It is less well-known in the case of apportioning delegates in the US primaries. Thus the examination of apportionment applied to delegate allocation involves both an identification and anal- ysis of new apportionment methods as well as an evaluation of old and new criteria by which to evaluate their properties. The goal of this book is to do both. We have spent several years researching delegate allocation in presidential primaries and were inspired to write this volume because of the interesting aspects of apportionment arising in this context. The book’s vii viii Preface origin can be traced to 2016, when we observed that the 2016 Georgia Repub- lican party adopted an apportionment method for its state primary that was unique and perhaps the most interesting method we had encountered. This motivated us to investigate the methods used by other state parties, many of which are new, and to consider how the allocation of delegates is affected by elimination thresholds—the minimum levels of support required to receive delegates—and the overall structure of the state delegates selection plans in which delegates are apportioned based on vote distributions in each district and statewide. This led us also to consider how the goals of delegate apportionment differ from that of house or party apportionment— most noticeably in that the state primaries occur over time, and that the end result is not political representation but the declaration of a winner. This means that the usual criteria for evaluating apportionment need to be rethought in an effort to deter- mine what features of traditional apportionment theory are most relevant to delegate apportionment and which features are not.
The Emergence of a Tradition: Essays in Honor of Jesús Huerta de Soto, Volume II Philosophy and Political Economy - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Only a small minority of people, in our experience, know what Jesús’s full name is. Due to some idiosyncrasies of Spanish naming conventions, this group is dominated by Spaniards. To aid the non-Spanish speaker, a brief explanation of his name is necessary. All Spanish surnames are composed of two parts. The first part is the father’s first surname, and the sec- ond is the mother’s first surname. The general form for all Spanish names becomes [first name] [paternal first surname] [maternal first surname]. Thus, all children have a different surname than their mothers and fathers, though this surname will include elements of both through their respective paternal branches. The children of Juan Garcia Fernandez and Sofia Gonzalez Martin, for example, would all have the surname Garcia Gonzalez. Jesús Huerta de Soto Ballester was born to Jesús Huerta Ballester and Concepción de Soto Acuña. His birth name was Jesús Huerta de Soto, and (after marrying Sonsoles Huarte) his children would have the surname Huerta Huarte. With six children, this linguistically challenging surname would have not been an isolated difficulty. After marriage, Jesús made the decision to legally change the order of his surnames. (This bureaucratic process is not straightforward, nor is it common.) As a result of this change, his first surname, Huerta de Soto, now includes elements of both his father’s and his mother’s names. His second surname, Ballester, is from his father. While the name remains essentially the same (Jesús Huerta de Soto at birth versus Jesús Huerta de Soto Ballester today), the change in ordering meant that the family name passed down to his children would be “Huerta de Soto” instead of “Huerta.” This also applies to their descendants. In all but the most formal situations in Spain, use of only the first surname
Environmental Regulations and Industrial Competitiveness Case Studies of Toxic Industries in Southern California - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Chapter 1 Environmental Regulations and Industrial Competitiveness Abstract Industries in the U.S. emit billions of pounds of toxic chemicals into the environment every year, resulting in a major risk to human health. Many economists and policy makers, however, are strongly opposed to environmental regulations based on an assumption that regulations lead to a loss of jobs and a declining stan- dard of living for U.S. citizens. The empirical literature on this question has pro- duced mixed results, and this chapter critically assesses several conceptual and methodological issues that are embedded in this literature. Our thesis is that strin- gent environmental regulations have the potential to effectively and efficiently reduce toxic emissions from polluting firms and industries while having a negligible impact on the economic competitiveness of firms and industries. We investigate this thesis through three empirical case studies of polluting industries in Southern California that are highly regulated by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD): metal finishing, wood furniture, and dry cleaning. We also attempt to reveal the institutional process by which firms comply with environmen- tal regulations. Keywords Environmental regulations · Economic competitiveness · Environmental pollution · Economic externalities · Market failure · Environmental compliance · Technological uncertainty · Innovation · Adoption Introduction Over the last half century, the US federal government has played an active role in regulating the emission of toxic chemicals from polluting firms and industries (Rosenbaum, 2019; Telsey, 2016). Congress passed the Clean Air Act of 1970 “to protect and enhance the quality of the nation’s air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of the population” (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, p. 2). Congress also created the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) in 1970 to implement and enforce the nation’s environmental law
Equity in Health and Health Promotion in Urban Areas Multidisciplinary Interventions at International and National Level - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: In the last twenty years, processes of metropolization have seen an uncontrollable increase, registering a rate of global urbanization that—according to the “World Urbanization Prospects 2018” of the United Nations—will reach almost 70% in 2050 [1]. These data, with a global vision, underline the dynamics of the growth of settlements and cities in quantitative, qualitative, historical and social evolution. In poor countries, this growth continues to take place following models of urban aggre- gation that has been unchanged over the years and inadequate to guarantee minimum conditions of health and sanitation. This situation continues to generate a proliferation of informal areas in conditions of extreme poverty and environmental vulnerability. According to a recent UN-Habitat report, which reports how more than a billion people are forced to live in informal settlements and estimates that this number will double by 2030, slums represent a phenomenon destined to define the near futur
Default Nudges by Patrik Michaelsen · Cass R. Sunstein - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Abstract One of the most widely used nudges, and one of the most effective, is the default rule. A default rule works by designating one course of action as the default; it establishes what will happen unless the decision-maker actively makes a change. Why are defaults so effective, in areas that include savings, health care, and air pollution? The answer is that they tap into at least three different psychological mechanisms. On a policy level, defaults, like other nudge interventions, typically benefit from being cheap and easy to implement, resulting in a highly cost-effective way of inducing behavior change. This has made nudging a popular tool for businesses and government
HCI International 2022 – Late Breaking Posters - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 4 P. Asghari et al. 1 Introduction Eye tracking (ET) is frequently used, for example, in behavioral research and human-computer interaction. Eye movement patterns can reveal detailed infor- mation about the user’s cognitive processes, their attention level, or decision- making processes [3,12]. Applications and research based on ET require reliable and robust data [9]. Traditionally, this requires dedicated hardware with high- resolution cameras and infrared illumination to detect corneal reflections [7]. However, dedicated hardware is expensive and thus limits the pervasive use in real-world applications. This situation may change since, propelled by recent advances in deep learning, appearance-based gaze estimation methods that deliver promising results based on low-cost consumer-grade camera inputs start to emerge [2,10,11,21]. These approaches learn to estimate gazes from a video stream based on large-scale data sets and provide 3D gaze vectors or correspond- ing 2D gaze locations on a screen. Furthermore, they do not require any specific external devices and can be used with standalone computers, laptop built-in webcams, or mobile device consumer-grade cameras. This opens up the possi- bility of developing affordable automated intelligent ET solutions for research, commerce, and the general public. On the way to realize this ambition, webcam ET (wcET) has to address several challenges including gaze estimation accu- racy, gaze estimator prediction time, and that gaze estimation quality can be affected by user movements [11]. This paper aims to contribute to the first step toward utilizing wcET as a low-cost pervasive technology by validating the data quality of a state-of-the-art wcET approach in comparison to the performance of an established, commercially available dedicated eye tracking (dhET) system. Accordingly, we address the following research question in our work: How does the gaze estimates of wcET differ from dhET in practical settings regarding accu- racy, precision, and sampling rate? We will further discuss how the limitations of the data quality may affect the performance of wcET applications
Evolution 2.0: Breaking the Deadlock Between Darwin and Design - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: This product is estimated to be delivered within 2-3 weeks from the dispatch date. In the ongoing debate about evolution, science and faith face off. But the truth is both sides are right and wrong. In one corner: Atheists like Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Jerry Coyne. They insist evolution happens by blind random accident. Their devout adherence to Neo-Darwinism omits the latest science, glossing over crucial questions and fascinating details. In the other corner: Intelligent Design advocates like William Dembski, Stephen Meyer, and Michael Behe. Many defy scientific consensus, maintaining that evolution is a fraud and rejecting common ancestry outright. There is a third way. Evolution 2.0 proves that, while evolution is not a hoax, neither is it random nor accidental. Changes are targeted, adaptive, and aware. You’ll discover: How organisms re-engineer their genetic destiny in real time Amazing systems living things use to re-design themselves Every cell is armed with machinery for editing its own DNA The five amazing tools organisms use to alter their genetics 70 years of scientific discoveries-of which the public has heard virtually nothing! Perry Marshall approached evolution with skepticism for religious reasons. As an engineer, he rejected the concept of organisms randomly evolving. But an epiphany-that DNA is code, much like data in our digital age-sparked a 10-year journey of in-depth research into more than 70 years of under-reported evolutionary science. This led to a new understanding of evolution-an evolution 2.0 that not only furthers technology and medicine, but fuels our sense of wonder at life itself. This book will open your eyes and transform your thinking about evolution and God. You’ll gain a deeper appreciation for our place in the universe. You’ll see the world around you as you’ve never seen it before. Evolution 2.0 pinpoints the central mystery of biology, offering a multimillion dollar technology prize at naturalcode.org to the first person who can solve it.آیا کتاب مورد نظر هنوز بر روی سایت قرار نگرفته است؟ جای نگرانی نیست! کافی است بر روی گزینه سفارش کتاب کلیک کرده و درخواست خود را ثبت کنید. در کمتر از چند ساعت کتاب شما را آماده خواهیم کرد.