SECTION I: Viral, Rickettsial, and Chlamydial Diseases
1 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral and Rickettsial Infections and
Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Disease,
James F. Evermann, Rance K. Sellon, and Jane E. Sykes, 1
Clinical Relevance, 1
Diagnostic Assay Interpretation, 2
Sample Selection and Preservation, 3
Laboratory Analysis, 4
Serodiagnosis and Immune Assessment, 5
Molecular Diagnostics, 5
Clinical Epidemiology, 8
2 Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Chemotherapy,
Katrin Hartmann, 10
Antivirals, 10
Immunomodulators, 17
3 Canine Distemper, Craig E. Greene and Marc Vandevelde, 25
Etiology, 25
Epidemiology, 26
Pathogenesis, 26
Clinical Findings, 31
Diagnosis, 33
Pathologic Findings, 36
Therapy, 37
Prevention, 38
Public Health Considerations, 42
4 Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Canine Acidophil Cell
Hepatitis, Craig E. Greene, 42
Infectious Canine Hepatitis, 42
Canine Acidophil Cell Hepatitis, 47
5 Canine Herpesvirus Infection, Craig E. Greene, 48
Etiology, 48
Epidemiology, 49
Pathogenesis, 49
Clinical Findings, 51
Diagnosis, 52
Pathologic Findings, 52
Therapy, 53
Prevention, 54
Public Health Considerations, 54
6 Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease, Richard B. Ford, 55
Etiology, 55
Epidemiology, 57
Pathogenesis, 57
Canine Parainfl uenza Virus, 57
Canine Infl uenza Virus, 58
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Contents
Canine Adenovirus Type 2, 58
Canine Distemper Virus, 58
Canine Respiratory Coronavirus, 58
Canine Herpesvirus, 58
Canine Reovirus, 58
Clinical Findings, 59
Diagnosis, 60
Therapy, 61
Treatments Not Recommended, 62
Prevention, 63
Public Health Considerations, 65
7 Nonrespiratory Paramyxovirus Infections of Dogs,
Craig E. Greene, 65
Parainfl uenza Virus-5 Infection, 65
Mumps, 66
Nipah and Hendra Virus Infections, 67
8 Canine Viral Enteritis, Craig E. Greene and
Nicola Decaro, 67
Canine Parvovirus Enteritis, 67
Canine Parvovirus-1 Infection, 75
Canine Coronavirus Enteritis, 76
Canine Rotavirus Infection, 79
Calicivirus and Norovirus Infections, 80
Other Viral Enteritides, 80
9 Feline Enteric Viral Infections, Craig E. Greene, 80
Feline Parvovirus Infection, 80
Canine Parvovirus Infection in Cats, 88
Feline Astrovirus Infections, 90
Feline Rotavirus Infections, 91
Norovirus Infection, 91
Torovirus-Like Agent Infection, 91
Feline Reovirus Infection, 91
Other Enteric Viral Infections, 91
10 Feline Coronavirus Infections, Diane D. Addie, 92
Etiology (including SARS virus), 92
Epidemiology, 93
Pathogenesis, 94
Clinical Findings, 95
Diagnosis, 98
Pathologic Findings, 103
Therapy, 104
Prevention, 106
Public Health Considerations, 108
11 Feline Leukemia Virus Infection, Katrin Hartmann, 108
Etiology, 108
Epidemiology, 111
Pathogenesis, 113
Clinical Findings, 118
Fibrosarcoma (including feline sarcoma virus), 121
Diagnosis, 126
Therapy, 129
Prevention, 133
Public Health Considerations, 135
12 Feline Immunodefi ciency Virus Infection, Rance K. Sellon and
Katrin Hartmann, 136
Etiology, 136
Epidemiology, 137
Pathogenesis, 138
Clinical Findings, 140
Diagnosis, 142
Pathologic Findings, 144
Therapy, 144
Prevention, 148
Public Health and Other Considerations, 149
13 Feline Adenovirus Infection, Frances A. Kennedy, 149
14 Feline Respiratory Disease, Rosalind M. Gaskell, Susan Dawson,
and Alan Radford, 151
Etiology, 151
Feline Herpesvirus-1, 151
Feline Calicivirus, 151
Bordetella bronchiseptica , 152
Other Organisms, 152
Epidemiology, 152
Feline Herpesvirus-1 and Feline
Calicivirus Infections, 152
Pathogenesis, 154
Clinical Findings, 155
Diagnosis, 157
Therapy, 157
Prevention, 159
Public Health Considerations, 162
15 Feline Foamy (Syncytium-Forming) Virus Infection,
Craig E. Greene and Martin Löchelt, 162
Etiology, 162
Pathogenesis, 162
Clinical Findings, 163
Diagnosis, 163
Therapy and Prevention, 164
Public Health Considerations, 164
16 Feline Paramyxovirus Infections, Craig E. Greene and
Hans Lutz, 164
Avian Newcastle Virus Infection, 164
Untyped Paramyxovirus Infection, 164
Canine Distemper Virus Infection, 164
Hendra Virus (Equine Morbillivirus) Infection, 165
Nipah Virus Infection, 166
17 Poxvirus Infections, Craig E. Greene, 166
Cowpox Virus Infection, 167
Parapox Virus Infection, 168
Raccoonpox Virus Infection, 168
Cowpox, 168
Vaccinia, 169
Canarypox, 169
Monkeypox, 169
Other Poxvirus Infections, 169
18 Papillomavirus Infections, Claude Favrot, 169
Etiology, 169
Epidemiology, 170
Pathogenesis, 171
Clinical Findings, 171
Diagnosis, 173
Therapy, 173
Prevention, 174
19 Miscellaneous Viral Infections, 174
Hantaviral Infection, Craig E. Greene and Bruno B. Chomel, 174
Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Craig E. Greene, 176
Vesicular Exanthema, Craig E. Greene, 176
Hepatitis E Virus Infection, Craig E. Greene, 176
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, Craig E. Greene, 176
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis, Craig E. Greene, 176
Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection, Craig E. Greene, 177
Ebola Virus Infection, Craig E. Greene, 177
Borna Disease Meningoencephalomyelitis, Jonas J. Wensman,
Anna-Lena Berg, and Mikael Berg, 177
20 Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections, Craig E. Greene, 179
Etiology, 179
Epidemiology, 180
Pathogenesis, 186
Clinical Findings, 187
Diagnosis, 188
Pathologic Findings, 189
Therapy, 191
Prevention, 191
Public Health Considerations, 195
Internet Information, 197
21 Pseudorabies, Diana Henke and Marc Vandevelde, 198
Etiology, 198
Epidemiology, 198
Pathogenesis, 198
Clinical Findings, 198
Diagnosis, 199
Pathologic Findings, 199
Therapy, 200
Prevention, 200
22 Enterovirus Infections, Craig E. Greene, 201
23 Infl uenza Virus Infections, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp,
Craig E. Greene, and Katrin Hartmann, 202
Human Infl uenza (H3N2 and H1N1) Virus
Infections, 203
Avian Infl uenza (H3N2 and H5N1) Virus Infections, 204
Canine Infl uenza (H3N8) Virus Infection, 208
24 Arthropod-Borne Viral Infections, 210
Mosquito-Borne and Gnat-Borne Infections, Craig E. Greene
and Richard A. Bowen, 210
West Nile Virus Infection, Richard A. Bowen and
Craig E. Greene, 214
Tick-Borne Infections, 217
Central European Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Andrea Tipold and
Marc Vadervelde, 217
Louping-ILL, Hugh W. Reid and Kim Willoughby, 218
Neorickettsia and Wolbachia Infections, 219
Neorickettsia Risticii Infection, Shimon Harrus, Trevor Waner,
and T. Mark Neer, 219
Neorickettsia Helminthoeca Infection (Salmon Poisoning
Disease), John R. Gorham, William J. Foreyt, and
Jane E. Sykes, 220
Wolbachia Pipientis Infection, C. Thomas Nelson, 224
26 Ehrlichia and Anaplasma Infections, 227
Ehrlichia Canis Infection, Shimon Harrus, Trevor Waner,
and T. Mark Neer, 227
Ehrlichia Chaffeensis Infection (Human Monocytotropic
Ehrlichiosis), Shimon Harrus, Trevor Waner, and
T. Mark Neer, 238
Ehrlichia Ruminantium Infection (Heartwater), Shimon Harrus,
Trevor Waner, and T. Mark Neer, 238
Ehrlichia spp. Infection (Feline Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis),
Michael R. Lappin and Edward B. Breitschwerdt, 238
Ehrlichia Ewingii Infection (Canine Granulocytotropic
Ehrlichiosis), Christine G. Cocayne and Leah A. Cohn, 241
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Infection (Canine
Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), Pedro Paulo Diniz and
Edward B. Breitschwerdt, 244
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum Infection (Feline
Granulocytotropic Anaplasmosis), Michael R. Lappin, Anneli
Bjöersdorff, and Edward B. Breitschwerdt, 254
Anaplasma Platys Infection (Thrombocytotropic Anaplasmosis),
John W. Harvey, 256
27 Rocky Mountain and Mediterranean Spotted Fevers, Cat-Flea
Typhuslike Illness, Rickettsialpox, and Typhus, Craig E. Greene,
Linda Kidd, and Edward B. Breitschwerdt, 259
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, 259
Mediterranean Spotted Fever (Rickettsia Conorii ssp. Conorii
Infection), 268
Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia, 268
Rickettsialpox, 268
Cat-Flea Typhuslike Illness (Rickettsia Felis Infection), 269
Typhus, 269
28 Chlamydial Infections, Jane E. Sykes and Craig E. Greene, 270
Etiology, 270
Epidemiology, 271
Pathogenesis, 272
Clinical Findings, 272
Diagnosis, 273
Therapy, 274
Prevention, 275
Public Health Considerations, 275
SECTION II: Mycoplasmal and Bacterial Diseases
29 Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections, Brenda C. Love
and Robert L. Jones, 277
Diagnostic Methods, 277
Interpretation of Culture Results, 280
Molecular Detection and Identifi cation, 281
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests, 281
Serologic Testing, 283
30 Antibacterial Chemotherapy, Craig E. Greene and
Dawn M. Boothe, 283
β-Lactam Drugs, 285
Cephalosporins, 289
Phosphonic Acids, 291
Aminoglycosides, 291
Peptides, 294
Polymyxins, 294
Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol, and Thiamphenicol, 295
Tetracyclines, 295
Macrolides and Lincosamides, 297
Metronidazole, 299
Novobiocin, 299
Nitrofurans, 299
Sulfonamides, 299
Diaminopyrimidines-Sulfonamides, 301
Quinolones, 301
Streptogramins and Oxazolidinones, 306
Pleuromutilins, 307
Ketolides, 307
Urinary Antiseptics, 307
Antituberculous Drugs, 307
Drugs Against Rapidly Growing Opportunistic
Mycobacteria, 308
Topical Antibacterial Drugs, 308
Safety of Antibacterial Drugs and Guidelines for Selection, 308
31 Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis (Hemobartonellosis),
Joanne B. Messick and John W. Harvey, 310
Etiology, 310
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis, 312
Clinical Findings, 315
Diagnosis, 316
Pathologic Findings, 318
Therapy, 318
Prevention, 319
Public Health Considerations, 319
32 Nonhemotropic Mycoplasmal, Ureaplasmal, and L-Form
Infections, Craig E. Greene and Victoria J. Chalker, 319
Nonhemotropic Mycoplasmal and Ureaplasmal Infections, 319
L-Form Infections, 324
33 Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, 325
Streptococcal Infections, Craig E. Greene and
John F. Prescott, 325
Enterococcal Infections, Craig E. Greene and
John F. Prescott, 333
Rhodococcus Equi Infection, Craig E. Greene and
John F. Prescott, 334
Corynebacterium Infections, Craig E. Greene and
John F. Prescott, 335
Listeriosis, Craig E. Greene and John F. Prescott, 336
Erysipelothrix Infections, Craig E. Greene and
John F. Prescott, 336
Anthrax, George E. Moore, 337
34 Staphylococcal Infections, J. Scott Weese, 340
Etiology, 340
Epidemiology, 340
Pathogenesis, 342
Clinical Findings, 342
Diagnosis, 343
Therapy, 344
Public Health Considerations, 347
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections, Amie Koenig, 349
Virulence Factors Associated with Escherichia coli Intestinal
Infections, 350
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, 353
Klebsiella Infections, 353
Pseudomonas Infections, 353
Pasteurella Infections, 354
Ralstonia pickettii Infection 354
Citrobacter Infections, 354
Acinetobacter baumannii Infections, 354
Providencia Infections, 354
Serratia Infections, 355
Enterobacter cloacae Infections, 355
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Cutaneous and Renal
Glomerular Vasculopathy of Greyhounds, 355
36 Sepsis, Deborah Silverstein and Cynthia M. Otto, 359
Etiology, 359
Epidemiology, 360
Pathogenesis, 361
Clinical Signs, 363
Diagnosis, 363
Pathologic Findings, 364
Therapy, 366
Novel Therapeutics with Potential for Treatment, 369
Prognosis, 369
37 Enteric Bacterial Infections, 370
Campylobacter Infections, James G. Fox, 370
Arcobacter Infections, James G. Fox, 374
Gastric Helicobacter Infections, James G. Fox, 374
Intestinal and Hepatic Helicobacter Infections,
James G. Fox, 380
Anaerobiospirillum Infection, Craig E. Greene, 383
Salmonellosis, Craig E. Greene, 383
Shigellosis, Craig E. Greene, 389
Yersiniosis, Craig E. Greene, 390
Plesiomonas Shigelloides Infection, Craig E. Greene, 391
Lawsonia Intracellularis Infection, Craig E. Greene, 391
Brachyspira Pilosicoli Infection, Craig E. Greene, 391
Tyzzer’s Disease, Boyd R. Jones and Craig E. Greene, 391
Clostridium Perfringens– and Clostridium Diffi cile–Associated
Diarrhea, Stanley L. Marks, 393
38 Canine Brucellosis, Craig E. Greene and Leland E. Carmichael, 398
Etiology and Epidemiology, 398
Pathogenesis, 399
Clinical Findings, 400
Diagnosis, 402
Pathologic Findings, 407
Therapy, 407
Control in Infected Kennels, 410
Prevention, 410
Public Health Considerations, 410
39 Anaerobic Infections, Craig E. Greene and Spencer S. Jang, 411
Etiology, 411
Epidemiology, 412
Pathogenesis, 412
Clinical Findings, 413
Diagnosis, 413
Therapy, 415
Public Health Considerations, 415
40 Botulism, Jeanne A. Barsanti, 416
Etiology, 416
Pathogenesis, 417
Clinical Findings, 419
Diagnosis, 420
Therapy, 421
Prevention, 422
Public Health Considerations, 422
Therapeutic Use of Botulinal Toxin, 422
41 Tetanus, Craig E. Greene, 423
Etiology, 423
Epidemiology, 423
Pathogenesis, 423
Clinical Findings, 424
Diagnosis, 425
Therapy, 427
Prevention, 431
42 Leptospirosis, Craig E. Greene, Jane E. Sykes, George E. Moore,
Richard E. Goldstein, and Ronald D. Schultz, 431
Etiology, 431
Epidemiology, 433
Pathogenesis, 434
Clinical Findings, 436
Diagnosis, 438
Pathologic Findings, 442
Therapy, 444
Prevention, 445
Public Health Considerations, 446
43 Borreliosis, Craig E. Greene, Reinhard K. Straubinger, and
Steven A. Levy, 447
Etiology, 447
Epidemiology, 449
Pathogenesis, 453
Clinical Findings, 455
Diagnosis, 457
Pathologic Findings, 460
Therapy, 460
Prevention, 462
Public Health Considerations, 464
44 Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections, Carolyn R. O’Brien
and Richard Malik, 465
Melioidosis, 465
Glanders, 468
Chryseomonas Infections, 468
Chromobacterium Infections, 468
45 Plague, Bruno Chomel, 469
Etiology, 469
Epidemiology, 469
Pathogenesis, 471
Clinical Findings, 472
Diagnosis, 472
Pathologic Findings, 473
Therapy, 473
Prevention, 474
Public Health Considerations, 475
46 Francisella and Coxiella Infections, Craig E. Greene, 476
Tularemia, 476
Franciscella Philomiragia Infection, 482
Q Fever, 482
47 Actinomycosis and Nocardiosis, Jane E. Sykes, 484
Actinomycosis, 484
Nocardiosis, 490
48 Mycobacterial Infections, 495
Infections Caused by Slow-Growing Mycobacteria,
Craig E. Greene and Danielle A. Gunn-Moore, 495
Feline Leprosy Syndromes, Carolyn R. O’Brien, Janet A. Fyfe,
and Richard Malik, 510
Canine Leproid Granulomas (Canine Leprosy), Richard Malik,
Carolyn R. O’Brien, and Janet A. Fyfe, 513
Infections Caused by Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria,
Carolyn R. O’Brien, Janet A. Fyfe, and Richard Malik, 515
49 Dermatophilosis, Craig E. Greene, 521
Etiology and Epidemiology, 521
Clinical Findings, 521
Diagnosis, 521
Pathologic Findings, 522
Therapy, 523
Public Health Considerations, 523
50 Abscesses and Botryomycosis Caused by Bacteria,
Craig E. Greene, 523
Abscesses, 523
Botryomycosis (Pyogranulomatous Infl ammation, Bacterial
Pseudomycetoma), 527
51 Bite Wound Infections, Craig E. Greene and
Ellie J. C. Goldstein, 528
Dog and Cat Bite Infections, 528
Rat Bite Infections, 542
52 Bartonellosis, 543
Etiology, 543
Feline Bartonellosis, Lynn Guptill-Yoran, 545
Canine Bartonellosis, Edward B. Breitschwerdt and
Bruno B. Chomel, 552
53 Surgical and Traumatic Wound Infections, Craig E. Greene
and J. Scott Weese, 563
Etiology, 563
Clinical Findings, 566
Diagnosis, 567
Therapy, 568
Prevention, 568
Future Modalities, 570
SECTION III: Fungal and Algal Diseases
54 Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal and Algal Infections,
Spencer S. Jang and Richard L. Walker, 571
Specimens for Laboratory Diagnosis, 571
Sample Collection, 571
Transportation and Preservation, 572
Processing of Specimens, 572
55 Antifungal Chemotherapy, Craig. E. Greene, 579
Systemic Antifungals, 579
Topical Antifungals, 586
56 Cutaneous Fungal Infections, 588
Dermatophytosis, Karen A. Moriello and Douglas J. DeBoer, 588
Malassezia Dermatitis, Ross Bond, 602
57 Blastomycosis, Alfred M. Legendre, 606
Etiology, 606
Epidemiology, 606
Pathogenesis, 607
Clinical Findings, 608
Diagnosis, 610
Pathologic Findings, 611
Therapy, 611
Prevention, 613
Public Health Considerations, 614
58 Histoplasmosis, Catharina Brömel and Craig E. Greene, 614
Etiology, 614
Epidemiology, 614
Pathogenesis, 614
Clinical Findings, 615
Diagnosis, 616
Pathologic Findings, 618
Therapy, 619
Prevention, 620
Public Health Considerations, 621
59 Cryptococcosis, Jane E. Sykes and Richard Malik, 621
Etiology, 621
Epidemiology, 622
Pathogenesis, 622
Clinical Findings, 624
Diagnosis, 626
Pathologic Findings, 629
Therapy, 630
Public Health Considerations, 634
60 Coccidioidomycosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis,
Russell T. Greene, 634
Coccidioidomycosis, 634
Paracoccidioidomycosis, 645
61 Sporotrichosis, Tânia Maria Pacheco Schubach,
Rodrigo Caldas Menezes, and Bodo Wanke, 645
Etiology and Epidemiology, 645
Pathogenesis, 646
Clinical Findings, 646
Diagnosis, 647
Therapy, 648
Public Health Considerations, 650
62 Aspergillosis and Penicilliosis, 651
Canine Sinonasal Aspergillosis-Penicilliosis, Michael J. Day,
Dominique Peeters, and Cecile Clercx, 651
Feline Sinonasal and Sinoorbital Aspergillus Fumigatus
Complex and Penicillium Infections, Michael J. Day and
Vanessa R. D. Barrs, 659
Canine Disseminated Aspergillosis, Michael J. Day, 662
Feline Disseminated Aspergillosis, Michael J. Day, 666
63 Candidiasis and Rhodotorulosis, Barrak M. Pressler, 666
Candidiasis, 666
Rhodotorulosis, 671
64 Trichosporonosis, Craig E. Greene, 672
Etiology, 672
Pathogenesis, 673
Clinical Findings, 673
Diagnosis, 673
Pathologic Findings, 674
Therapy, 674
Public Health Considerations, 675
65 Miscellaneous Fungal Infections, Amy M. Grooters
and Carol S. Foil, 675
Pythiosis, 677
Lagenidiosis, 681
Zygomycosis, 683
Hyalohyphomycosis, 684
Phaeohyphomycosis, 685
Eumycotic Mycetomas, 688
66 Pneumocystosis, Remo Lobetti, 689
Etiology, 689
Epidemiology, 689
Pathogenesis, 689
Clinical Findings, 690
Diagnosis, 691
Immunologic Findings, 692
Pathologic Findings, 693
Therapy, 694
Public Health Considerations, 695
67 Protothecosis and Chlorellosis, Barrak M. Pressler, 696
Protothecosis, 696
Chlorellosis, 701
68 Rhinosporidiosis, Craig E. Greene, 702
Etiology, 702
Epidemiology, 702
Pathogenesis, 702
Clinical Findings, 702
Diagnosis, 703
Pathologic Findings, 703
Therapy, 703
Public Health Considerations, 704
69 Microsporidiosis, Peter J. Didier, Karen F. Snowden,
Xavier Alvarez, and Elizabeth S. Didier, 704
Etiology, 704
Epidemiology, 705
Clinical Findings, 706
Diagnosis, 706
Pathologic Findings, 707
Therapy, 708
Prevention and Public Health Considerations, 708
SECTION IV: Protozoal Diseases
70 Laboratory Diagnosis of Protozoal Infections, Susan E. Little
and David S. Lindsay, 711
Microscopic Examination, 711
Culture and Animal Inoculation, 716
Antigen Detection, 716
Molecular Genetic Detection, 717
Serologic Testing, 717
71 Antiprotozoal Chemotherapy, Craig E. Greene, 718
Azo-Naphthalene Drugs, 718
Acridine Dyes, 718
Quinoline and Quinolone Derivatives, 718
Aromatic Diamidines, 718
Nitroimidazoles, 718
Benzimidazoles, 720
Azoles, 720
Ionophores, 721
Antimonials, 721
Antibacterials, 721
Miscellaneous Drugs, 721
72 Trypanosomiasis, 722
American Trypanosomiasis, Karen F. Snowden
and Sonia A. Kjos, 722
African Trypanosomiasis, Craig E. Greene, 730
73 Leishmaniases, 734
Global Aspects of Leishmaniosis, Gad Baneth
and Laia Solano-Gallego, 734
Canine Leishmaniosis, Gad Baneth and Laia Solano-Gallego, 735
Canine American Tegumentary Leishmaniosis, Gad Baneth
and Laia Solano-Gallego, 746
Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis in North America,
Susana Mendez, 747
Feline Leishmaniosis, Laia Solano-Gallego and
Gad Baneth, 748
74 Hepatozoonosis, 750
Hepatozoon Canis Infection, Gad Baneth, 750
Hepatozoon Americanum Infection, Douglass K. Macintire,
Nancy A. Vincent-Johnson, and Thomas M. Potter, 757
Feline Hepatozoonosis, Gad Baneth, 763
75 Cytauxzoonosis, Leah A. Cohn and Adam J. Birkenheuer, 764
Etiology and Epidemiology, 764
Pathogenesis, 765
Clinical Findings, 766
Diagnosis, 768
Pathologic Findings, 769
Therapy, 770
Prevention, 771
76 Babesiosis, Adam J. Birkenheuer, 771
Etiology, 771
Epidemiology, 773
Pathogenesis, 775
Clinical Findings, 776
Diagnosis, 778
Pathologic Findings, 780
Therapy, 781
Prevention, 783
Public Health Considerations, 784
77 Enteric Protozoal Infections, 785
Giardiasis, Valeria Scorza and Michael R. Lappin, 785
Amebiasis, Craig E. Greene, 792
Balantidiasis, Craig E. Greene, 794
Blastocystosis, Craig E. Greene and Seth Chapman, 795
Trichomoniasis, Jody L. Gookin, 797
78 Nonenteric Amebiasis: Acanthamebiasis, Hartmannelliasis,
and Balamuthiasis, Craig E. Greene, Elizabeth W. Howerth,
and Marc Kent, 802
Etiology, 802
Epidemiology, 803
Pathogenesis, 803
Clinical Findings, 803
Diagnosis, 803
Pathologic Findings, 804
Therapy, 805
Prevention, 806
Public Health Considerations, 806
79 Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis, J. P. Dubey and
Michael R. Lappin, 806
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection, 806
Toxoplasma Gondii–Like Infection of Cats, 820
Toxoplasma Gondii–Like Cutaneous Infection
of Dogs, 820
Neospora Caninum Infection, 821
Neospora Hughesi Infection, 827
80 Enteric Coccidiosis, J. P. Dubey and Craig E. Greene, 828
Intestinal Coccidiosis, 828
Visceral and Cutaneous Caryosporosis, 837
Intrahepatic Biliary Coccidiosis in Dogs, 839
Intrapulmonary Coccidiosis in Dogs, 839
81 Cryptosporidiosis and Cyclosporiasis, Valeria Scorza
and Michael R. Lappin, 840
Cryptosporidiosis, 840
Cyclosporiasis, 849
SECTION V: Clinical Problems
82 Neurologic Diseases of Suspected Infectious Origin and
Prion Disease, 853
Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis, Andrea Tipold,
Marc Vandevelde, and Scott J. Schatzberg, 853
Necrotizing Encephalitis, Andrea Tipold, Marc Vandevelde,
and Scott J. Schatzberg, 856
Hydrocephalus with Periventricular Encephalitis in Dogs,
Andrea Tipold and Marc Vandevelde, 858
Nonsuppurative Meningoencephalitis in Greyhounds,
Andrea Tipold and Marc Vandevelde, 858
Canine Leukoencephalopathy and Parvovirus Infection,
Craig E. Greene, 859
Feline Poliomyelitis, Andrea Tipold and Marc Vandevelde, 860
Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis, Andrea Tipold
and Marc Vandevelde, 860
Prion Diseases and Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy,
Marc Vandevelde and Craig E. Greene, 862
83 Heartworm Disease, C. Thomas Nelson, 865
Canine Heartworm Disease, 865
Feline Heartworm Disease, 873
84 Integumentary Infections, 877
Bacterial Infections of the Skin, Peter J. Ihrke, 877
Otitis Externa, Lynette K. Cole, 885
85 Musculoskeletal Infections, 892
Osteomyelitis, Craig E. Greene and David Bennett, 892
Diskospondylitis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis, Craig E. Greene
and David Bennett, 899
Otitis Media and Otitis Interna, Lynette K. Cole, 902
Joint Infections, Craig E. Greene and David Bennett, 908
Infective Myositis, Craig E. Greene and David Bennett, 911
86 Cardiovascular Infections, Clay A. Calvert and
Justin D. Thomason, 912
Bacteremia, 912
Sepsis, 924
Infective Endocarditis, 925
Infectious Myocarditis, 933
Transmissible Myocarditis-Diaphragmitis of Cats, 934
Infectious Pericardial Effusion, 934
Infection and Coronary Vascular Disease, 936
87 Bacterial Respiratory Infections, Tekla Lee-Fowler
and Carol Reinero, 936
Resident Bacterial Flora, 936
Respiratory Diagnostics, 937
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, 942
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, 943
Pleural Infections, 948
88 Gastrointestinal and Intra-Abdominal Infections,
Craig E. Greene and Stanley L. Marks, 950
Oral Cavity, 950
Esophagus and Stomach, 960
Small Intestine, 960
Large Intestine, 974
Intra-Abdominal Infections, 977
89 Hepatobiliary Infections, Sharon A. Center, 981
Antibacterial Defense, 981
Susceptibility to Infection, 981
Endotoxin, 982
Role of Kupffer Cells, 982
Role of Neutrophils, 983
Role of Cholangiocytes, 983
Bile: Protection from Infection, 983
Bacterial Flora of the Hepatobiliary System, 984
Factors Increasing Risk for Hepatobiliary Infection, 984
Infl uence of Cholestasis on Hepatobiliary Infections, 984
Transmural Passage of Enteric Organisms, 985
Bacterobilia, 986
Risks Increasing Postoperative Sepsis, 987
Innocent Bystander Effects on the Hepatobiliary System, 987
Systemic Infections, 988
Specifi c Hepatobiliary Infections, 991
General Therapy for Hepatobiliary Infections, 1007
90 Genitourinary Infections, Jeanne A. Barsanti, 1013
Resident Microfl ora, 1013
Urinary Tract Infections, 1014
Male Genital Infections, 1031
Female Genital Infections, 1037
91 Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System,
Marc Kent, 1045
Etiology, 1045
Pathogenesis, 1046
Clinical Findings, 1048
Diagnosis, 1049
Therapy, 1054
92 Ocular Infections, Jean Stiles, 1058
Extraocular Infections, 1058
Intraocular Infections, 1067
93 Environmental Factors in Infectious Disease, Craig E. Greene,
J. Scott Weese, and Janet P. Calpin, 1078
Means of Transmission, 1078
Relevance of the Environment in Disease Transmission, 1079
Environmental Control of Microbes, 1079
Nosocomial Infections, 1085
Control of Free-Roaming Animals, 1095
Geographic Considerations of Infection
Prevalence, 1095
Quarantine to Reduce Spread of Exotic Infections, 1096
Precautions with Blood Product Transfusions, 1096
Vector-Borne Infections, 1097
94 Immunodefi ciencies and Infectious Diseases, Urs Giger
and Jo Smith, 1101
Primary or Hereditary Immunodefi ciencies, 1101
Secondary or Acquired Immunodefi ciencies, 1104
Diagnostic Studies, 1104
Treatment and Prevention, 1105
Specifi c Primary or Inherited Immunodefi ciencies, 1106
Specifi c Secondary or Acquired Immunodefi ciencies, 1111
95 Fever, Katharine F. Lunn, 1115
Pathophysiology of Fever, 1115
Fever of Unknown Origin, 1117
Therapy of Fever, 1122
96 Prevention and Management of Infection in Canine
Populations, Kate F. Hurley and Claudia J. Baldwin, 1124
General Characteristics of Canine Populations, 1124
Disease Transmission, 1124
Defi ning Capacity/Managing Population Density, 1125
General Considerations for Kennel Design and Layout as it
Relates to Population Health, 1125
Segregation of Populations, 1127
Disinfection, Sanitation, and Pest Control, 1127
Other Environmental Factors, 1128
Host Factors, 1128
Health Monitoring, 1129
Record Keeping, 1130
Community Health, 1130
97 Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases in
Multiple-Cat Environments, Janet E. Foley, 1130
General Management Strategies, 1131
Important Infectious Syndromes in Catteries, 1133
Special Situations, 1135
98 Considerations and Management of Infectious Diseases of
Feral Cats, Julie K. Levy, 1136
Demographics of Feral Cats, 1136
Risks Feral Cats Pose to Humans, 1137
Cat-Bite Wounds and Rabies, 1137
Feline Leukemia Virus and Feline Immunodefi ciency
Virus, 1138
Other Infectious and Parasitic Conditions, 1138
Vaccination, 1138
Parasite Control, 1138
99 Zoonotic Infections of Medical Importance in
Immunocompromised Humans, Carol A. Glaser, Edward L. Powers,
and Craig E. Greene, 1141
Immunodefi ciencies in Humans, 1141
Pet Ownership, 1141
Zoonotic Risk, 1141
Occupational and Environmental Risks, 1142
Legal Implications for Veterinarians, 1143
Benefi ts of Pet Ownership, 1144
Support Groups, 1144
Pet Advisement, 1144
Diseases, 1144
Recommendations, 1159
100 Immunoprophylaxis, Craig E. Greene and Julie K. Levy, 1163
Maternally Derived Immunity, 1163
Passive Immunization, 1163
Maternal Immunity and Immunization, 1165
Active Immunization, 1166
Controversies Concerning Annual Vaccination and
Individualized Protocols, 1171
Liability Related to Vaccination, 1180
Postvaccinal Complications, 1181
Vaccination Recommendations for Specifi c Diseases, 1191
Nosodes, 1205
Appendix Antimicrobial Drug Formulary, Craig E. Greene and
Janet P. Calpin, 1207
Web Appendix 1: Recommendations for Core and Noncore
Vaccinations of Dogs, Craig E. Greene and Gerryll Gae Hall
Web Appendix 2: Recommendations for Core and Noncore
Vaccinations of Cats, Craig E. Greene and Gerryll Gae Hall
Web Appendix 3: Canine and Feline Biologics Manufacturers and
Products Available Worldwide, Gerryll Gae Hall and
Craig E. Greene
Web Appendix 4: Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and
Control
Web Appendix 5: Laboratory Testing for Infectious Diseases of Dogs
and Cats, Geoffrey A. Houser, Sarah E. Clay, Janet P. Calpin, and
Craig E. Greene
Web Appendix 6: Manufacturers of Diagnostic Test Kits or Reagents
and Their Products, Sarah E. Clay, Craig E. Greene, and
Janet P. Calpin
Web Appendix 7: Disease Rule-Outs for Medical Problems,
Craig E. Greene
Index, 1321
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