لایب سان

Editor, Official Methods of Analysis
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station
Washington, DC 20044 USA
Direct inquiries related to the procurement of Official Methods of Analysis, supplements (Changes in Methods). Journal of the
AOAC, or other AOAC publications to:
Assistant Business Manager, Publications
Association of Official Analytical Chemists
1111 N 19th Street (Suite 210)
Arlington, VA 22209 USA (Telephone: 703-522-3032)
COPYRIGHT 1920,1925, 1931, 1936, 1940, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, BYTHE
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS
AND 1970, 1975, 1980 BY THE
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTS

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 20-21343
ISBN 0-935584-14-5

Preface to Thirteenth Edition ......................... . Preface to First Edition .............................. . List of Illustrations .................................. . Collaborative Study Procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists ........................ . Definitions of Terms and Explanatory Notes .......... . CHAPTER 1. Agricultural Liming Materials .................... . Calcium Silicate Slags ........................ . Elemental Analysis ........................... . 2. Fertilizers ....................................... . Free Water ................................... . Phosphorus .................................. . Nitrogen ..................................... . Potassium ................................... . Other Elements ............................... . Peat ......................................... . 3. Plants .......................................... . Metals ....................................... . Nonmetals ................................... . Other Constituents ........................... . Pigments .................................... . Tobacco ..................................... . 4. Disinfectants .................................... . Phenol Coefficient ............................ . Use-Dilution Method .......................... . Available Chlorine Germicidal Equivalent Concentration .............................. . Sporicidal Test ............................... . Fungicidal Test ............................... . Germicidal and Detergent Sanitizers ........... . Germicidal Spray Products .................... . Water Disinfectants for Swimming Pools ....... . Tuberculocidal Activity ........................ . Bacteriostatic Activity of Laundry Additives .... . 5. Hazardous Substances .......................... . Paint ......................................... . Preparations Containing Fluorides ............. . Preparations Containing Methanol ............. . Preparations Containing Phenol ............... . Soda Lye .................................... . Earthenware ................................. . 6. Pesticide Formulations .......................... . General Methods ............................. . Arsenic .................................... . Lead ....................................... . Copper .................................... . Zinc ....................................... . Fluorine .................................... . PAGE iii iv ix xii xv 2 3 7 9 9 14 18 20 27 31 31 38 46 49 51 56 56 58 59 60 61 61 63 64 ' 65 67 69 69 69 70 71 71 71 72 72 72 74 74 75 75 v Contamination by Organochlorine Pesticides .. Volatility of Ester Forms of Hormone-Type Herbicides ............................... . Inorganic and Organometallic Pesticides and Adjuvants ................................ . Paris Green ................................ . Lead Arsenate .............................. . PAGE 77 77 78 78 78 Calcium Arsenate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Zinc Arsenite. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Copper Carbonate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Copper Naphthenate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Bordeaux Mixtures .......................... 80 Potassium Cyanate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Cyanides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Lime Sulfur Preparations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Hypochlorites ............................... 82 Chloramine T ............................... 83 Mineral Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Soap....................................... 83 Mineral Oil-Soap Emulsions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 83 Mercurial Seed Disinfectants. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 84 Ant Poisons and Rodenticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Fumigants .................................. 85 Pesticides Related to Natural Products and Their Synergists ................................ 86 Allethrin .................................... 86 Derris and Cube Powder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 87 Pyrethrins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Tobacco and Tobacco Products .............. 90 Halogenated Pesticides ........................ 91 Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Endrin .................. 91 Amiben ..................................... 93 BHC ........................................ 93 Balan or Trifluralin .......................... 95 Captan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Chlordane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Chlorotoluron, Chloroxuron, or Metoxuron . . . . 99 Dichlobenil .. . . .. . ... . . . .. .. . .. . . ... . . . .. ... . 100 DDT.. . . . ... . . ..... . .. . . . .. . ... . . . . .. . .... . . 100 Dacthal ..................................... 102 Dicamba .................................... 102 2,4-D ....................................... 103 Dalapon .................................... 104 Dicofol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Fluometuron ................................ 105 Folpet ...................................... 105 Heptachlor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Picloram-2,4-D .............................. 106 Sodium Trichloroacetate ......... " .. . . .... .. 107 Nonhalogenated Pesticides .................... 107 Aldicarb .................................... 107 Amitrole .................................... 107 Carbaryl .................................... 108 DDVP ................... '" ..... " . . ... . .. . . 108 Diquat and Paraquat ............. " . . . . . . . . . . 109 Dithiocarbamates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 110 Thiram ............................... '" . ... 111 Dodine...................................... 111 Formaldehyde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Ethion ...................................... 112 Formothion ................................. 113 Malathion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Parathion ................................... 116 Phorate ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Sulfoxide ................................... 120 Tetraethylpyrophosphate .................... 120 Organic Thiocyanates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Thiocarbamates ............................. 121 Triazines, Diazinon, and Dichlorobenzilates . . . . 121 Triphenyltin Compounds. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 122 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ........... 123 7. Animal Feed..................................... 125 Nitrogen ...................................... 125 Other Constituents ............................ 132 Preservatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8. Baking Powders and Baking Chemicals ........... . 9. Beverages: Distilled Liquors ..................... . Spirits ....................................... . Cordials and Liqueurs ........................ . 10. Beverages: Malt Beverages and Brewing Materials Beer ......................................... . Malt ......................................... . Cereal Adjuncts .............................. . Hops ........................................ . Brewing Sugars and Sirups ................... . Wort ......................................... . Yeast ........................................ . Brewers' Grains 11. Beverages: Wines ............................... . Preservatives ................................. . Flavors ...................................... . 12. Beverages: Nonalcoholic and Concentrates ....... . 13. Cacao Bean and Its Products .............. " ..... . Shell ......................................... . Cacao Products Processed with Alkalies ....... . Chocolate Liquor ............................. . Fat .......................................... . Dairy Ingredient Constituents ................. . Saccharine Ingredients Other Than Lactose .... . Starch ....................................... . 143 147 147 159 162 162 171 177 178 180 181 182 183 185 192 193 194 199 200 205 205 205 206 207 208 Chocolate Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Theobromine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 14. Cereal Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Wheat Flour. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 211 Wheat, Rye, Oats, Corn, Buckwheat, Rice, and Barley and Their Products Except Cereal Adjuncts .................................... 220 Soybean Flour ................................ 223 Bread....... . . . .... . ..... ..... ... . . . . . .... . ... 223 Baked Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 PAGE Baked Products Other Than Bread (Not Containing Fruit) ............................ 227 Fig Bars and Raisin-Filled Crackers ............. 227 Macaroni, Egg Noodles, and Similar Products. . . 228 15. Coffee and Tea ....................... " . . . . . .. . . . 233 Green Coffee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 233 Roasted Coffee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Tea........................................... 235 16. Dairy Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Sampling ..................................... 238 Milk.......................................... 240 Automated Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Cryoscopic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Penicillins in Milk. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Cream........................................ 256 Evaporated Milk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 258 Sweetened Condensed Milk ........ " . . . . . .. . . . 259 Dried Milk, Nonfat Dry Milk, and Malted Milk ... 259 Butter. .... ... .... . .. . . . . .... . ... . ....... . ..... 260 Cheese....................................... 264 Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 17. Eggs and Egg Products. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 18. Fish and Other Marine Products ....... " . . . .. ..... 285 19. Flavors .......................................... 306 Alcohol ....................................... 306 Vanilla Extract and Its Substitutes .............. 306 Lemon, Orange, and Lime Extracts and Flavors. 313 Lemon and Orange Oils. . . . .... . ..... ... . ... . . . 316 Almond Extract. . .... . ... . . .. ... . ....... . ..... . 318 Cassia, Cinnamon, and Clove Extracts. ... . .... . 319 Ginger Extract. . ..... ..... . .... . . .... . . . . .... .. 319 Peppermint, Spearmint, and Wintergreen Extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Anise and Nutmeg Extracts .................... 319 Other Extracts and Toilet Preparations. . . . . . . . . . 319 20. Food Additives: Direct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Acidulants .................................... 323 Antioxidants .................................. 323 Chemical Preservatives ........................ 325 Emulsifying Agents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 343 Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 345 Nonnutritive Sweeteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Nutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Solvents ...................................... 352 21. Food Additives: Indirect. . .. .... . .... .. . . . ... ..... 354 22. Fruits and Fruit Products ......................... 359 Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Solids........................................ 362 Potassium .................................... 363 Sodium....................................... 364 Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Betaine ....................................... 365 Fruit Acids .................................... 366 Sugars........................................ 369 Anthocyanins ................................. 370 Lemon Juice .................................. 372 Carbaryl .................................... 483 Sulphenone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 23. Gelatin, Dessert Preparations, and Mixes . . . . . . . . . . 374 Perthane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 DDT........................................ 485 24. Meat and Meat Products ......................... 376 Dichlone ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Meat.......................................... 376 Guthion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Meat Extracts and Similar Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Dodine...................................... 488 Ethylenethiourea ............................ 488 25. Metals and Other Elements as Residues in Foods .. 385 Glyodin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Antimony ..................................... 385 Hexachlorobenzene and Mirex ............... 490 Arsenic ....................................... 385 Malathion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Cadmium ..................................... 388 Maleic Hydrazide .................. . . . . . . . . . . 490 Copper....................................... 391 Methoxychlor ............................... 491 Fluorine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Mirex . . . . . . . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . .. . . . . 492 Lead.......................................... 397 Monofluoroacetic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Manganese ................................... 405 Naphthaleneacetic Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 493 Mercury ...................................... 405 Nicotine .................................... 494 Nickel. . .. . ... ... . .... . .. . . .. . ... . ... . . . .. . ... . 409 Parathion ................................... 495 Selenium ..................................... 409 Piperonyl Butoxide .......................... 495 Tin........................................... 410 Thiram...................................... 495 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Zinc.......................................... 411 30. Spices and Other Condiments .................... 497 Spices........................................ 497 26. Natural Poisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Mycotoxins ................................... 414 Aflatoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Prepared Mustard ............................. 500 Dressings for Foods ........................... 501 Vinegars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 Minicolumn Detection Methods .............. 417 Quantitative Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 418 Aflatoxin M, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Ochratoxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Patulin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Sterigmatocystin ............................ 431 Zearalenone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Marine Toxins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 433 Phytotoxins ................................... 433 31. Sugars and Sugar Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Sugars and Sirups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Molasses and Molasses Products. .. . . . .. . .. . .. . 516 Confectionery. ... .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 519 Honey........................................ 520 Maple Products ............................... 528 Sugar Beets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 Starch Conversion Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 27. Nuts and Nut Products ........................... 435 32. Vegetable Products, Processed. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. .. . 537 Canned Products .............................. 537 Peanut Butter ................................. 435 Shredded Coconut. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Dried Vegetables .............................. 542 Frozen Vegetables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 28. Oils and Fats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 33. Waters; and Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 .. ?hysical Constants ............................ 437 Water......................................... 547 Chemical Constants ........................... 438 Salt........................................... 565 Acid Constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Sterols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 34. Color Additives .................................. 568 Tests for Specific Oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Separation and Identification of Color Additives Chick Edema Factor ........................... 459 in Foods, Druq!'; and Cosmetics. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 568 Mono- and Diglycerides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Analysis Of r brcial Synthetic Organic Color t:'laxseed ...................................... 464 Additives ..... :.............................. 570 29. Pesticide Residues ............................... 466 35. Cosmetics ....................................... 582 Multiresidue Methods ......................... 466 General Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 General Method for Organochlorine and Deodorants and Anti-Perspirants ............... 583 Organophosphorus Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 Dipilatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Multiple Residue Methods for Face Powders ................................. 587 Organophosphorus Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 Hair Preparations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 587 Multiple Residue Methods for Fumigants ..... 480 Suntan Preparations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Multiple Residue Method for Aryl N- Vanishing Cream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 589 Methylcarbamate Insecticides .............. 480 Bioassay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Methods for Individual Residues ............... 481 Benzene Hexachloride ....................... 481 36. Drugs: General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 591 Biphenyl .................................... 481 General Directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Aramite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 Solvents ...................................... 591 Captan ...................................... 483 Halogenated Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Inorganic Drugs ............................... 594 Mydriatics and Myotics ........................ 604 Microscopic Tests ............................. 604 37. Drugs: Acidic .................... '" ........ '" .. 614 Acids......................................... 614 Antipyretic Drugs. .... . ... . ... ... . . ..... ..... .. 615 Hypnotic Drugs ................. " . .. . ... ..... . 619 Phenolic Drugs. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 625 Sulfonamide Drugs. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 629 Other Imide Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 631 38. Drugs: Alkaloid and Related Bases ................ 636 Alkaloids, Opium. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 Alkaloids Other Than Opium ................... 639 Other Bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 39. Drugs: Neutral ................................... 667 Steroids and Related Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 Nonalkaloidal Vegetable Drugs and Their Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 40. Drugs: Illicit. .. .. ... . . ..... ... .... . . .... . . . ... .. . . 685 41. Drugs and Feed Additives in Animal Tissues. . . . . . . 688 ANOT......................................... 688 Arsenic ....................................... 688 Clopidol ...................................... 689 Decoquinate .................................. 690 Ethoxyquin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 Melengestrol Acetate .......................... 691 Nalidixic Acid ................................. 693 Zoalene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 42. Drugs in Feeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 Qualitative Tests .............................. 695 Arsenic ....................................... 695 Cyzine ........................................ 696 Aklomide ..................................... 697 p-Aminobenzoic Acid. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 Enheptin ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 Amprolium ............................... " . . . 698 Arsanilic Acid ................................. 699 Bithionol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Buquinolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 Cadmium Anthranilate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 Carbadox ..................................... 700 Decoquinate .................................. 700 Dibutyltin Dilaurate ., ..................... " . . . 701 Diethylstilbestrol .............................. 702 Nitrophenide ....... . Nitarsone .......... . Phenothiazine ...... . Piperazine .......... . Pyrantel Tartrate ... . Racephenicol ....... . Reserpine ....... " .. Ronnel .............. , Roxarsone .......... , Sulfonamide Drugs .. Thiabendazole ....... , Zoalene ............. , Antibiotics .......... , 43. Vitamins and Other Nutri Chemical Methods ... Microbiological Metho Bioassay Methods ... Nutritionally Related C 44. Extraneous Materials: IsCl General ............ . Beverages and Bevera Dairy Products ..... . Nuts and Nut Product~ Grains and Their Prodl Baked Goods ....... . Breakfast Cereals ... . Eggs and Egg Product Poultry, Meat, and Fisl Products ......... . Fruits and Fruit Produ( Sugars and Sugar Prol Vegetables and Vegetc Spices and Other ConI Animal Excretions .. . Miscellaneous ...... . 45. Forensic Sciences ..... . Latent Fingerprints .. Glass Fragments .... Mineral Wool Insulatio Voice Print Identificati( 46. Microbiological Methods Eggs and Egg Product Frozen, Chilled, Precoe Commercial Sterility 0 Thermophilic Bacterial Clostridium perfringen Salmonella . ........ . Optical Somatic Cell C

برای ارسال نظر لطفا وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید