موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
Epistemology Modalized by Kelly Becker - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Introduction: Externalism and modalism Recent developments in epistemology, and in philosophy more generally, provide a promising foundation for an answer to a very old question: What is knowledge? The question stymied Plato in the Theaetetus, from which the traditional tripartite analysis of knowledge as justified true belief derives. It received fresh attention when Edmund Gettier showed that the three conditions of the traditional analysis were not jointly sufficient for knowledge. Subsequent attempts to repair the analysis of knowledge aimed (1) to amend the notion of justification to avoid the Gettier problem; (2) to add a fourth condition, for instance that there are no defeaters to one’s justification; or (3) to replace justification with some other condition that captures the requisite link between belief and truth constitutive of knowledge. 1 The uniqueness of the third strategy is not clearly defined because one could easily argue that, whatever the necessary link between belief and truth turns out to be, it just is justification. Nonetheless, I see myself as pursuing this approach because the very term ‘‘justification’’ is all too pregnant with associated notions that I believe are not essential to knowledge, and work- ing toward an account that explicitly involves justification as a necessary condition can lead us away from a proper understanding of knowledge. (A specific instance of this problem arises in Chapter 2.) Unencumbered by the requirement to explicate ‘‘justification,’’ we can inquire into the requisite belief-truth link constitutive of knowledge by testing proposals for that link against our intuitions concerning whether an agent actually knows in parti- cular cases. If we find that a correct or, at least, working account of that link does not capture the traditional conception of justification, then so be it. 2 Our topic, then, is propositional knowledge: knowledge that p for some arbitrary proposition p. I will not claim that all other forms of knowledge, for instance, knowledge by acquaintance, knowledge of one’s own phenom- enological states, and know-how, are reducible to propositional knowledge, and so do not intend to give an account of knowledge in general. This only slightly diminishes the importance of an account of propositional knowl- edge, since it is through sentences and the propositions they express that we think and talk about the world. It would be a significant advance in our understanding if we had a plausible theory of such knowledge
Evolution 2.0: Breaking the Deadlock Between Darwin and Design - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: This product is estimated to be delivered within 2-3 weeks from the dispatch date. In the ongoing debate about evolution, science and faith face off. But the truth is both sides are right and wrong. In one corner: Atheists like Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Jerry Coyne. They insist evolution happens by blind random accident. Their devout adherence to Neo-Darwinism omits the latest science, glossing over crucial questions and fascinating details. In the other corner: Intelligent Design advocates like William Dembski, Stephen Meyer, and Michael Behe. Many defy scientific consensus, maintaining that evolution is a fraud and rejecting common ancestry outright. There is a third way. Evolution 2.0 proves that, while evolution is not a hoax, neither is it random nor accidental. Changes are targeted, adaptive, and aware. You’ll discover: How organisms re-engineer their genetic destiny in real time Amazing systems living things use to re-design themselves Every cell is armed with machinery for editing its own DNA The five amazing tools organisms use to alter their genetics 70 years of scientific discoveries-of which the public has heard virtually nothing! Perry Marshall approached evolution with skepticism for religious reasons. As an engineer, he rejected the concept of organisms randomly evolving. But an epiphany-that DNA is code, much like data in our digital age-sparked a 10-year journey of in-depth research into more than 70 years of under-reported evolutionary science. This led to a new understanding of evolution-an evolution 2.0 that not only furthers technology and medicine, but fuels our sense of wonder at life itself. This book will open your eyes and transform your thinking about evolution and God. You’ll gain a deeper appreciation for our place in the universe. You’ll see the world around you as you’ve never seen it before. Evolution 2.0 pinpoints the central mystery of biology, offering a multimillion dollar technology prize at naturalcode.org to the first person who can solve it.
Exporting the European Convention on Human Rights - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: As for the right to protect one’s private and family life, as enshrined in Article 8 ECHR, the CJEU provided the very first explicit reference to the ECHR in Rutili v Minister for the Interior�53 In casu, the Convention was conceived as a source of inspiration as well as a human rights standard for determining the legality and legitimacy of the acts of Member States applying EU law. Therefore, the CJEU applied the ECHR as a clear human rights standard to also interpret the ‘public policy’ exception to the free movement of workers, justifying Member States to restrict this freedom only to the extent authorised by the ECHR, that is, when it is necessary for the protection of the interests of national security or public safety ‘in a democratic society’.54 This landmark case illustrates how the CJEU has progres- sively shaped its autonomous human rights case law, inspired, though, by the ECHR and by the common constitutional traditions of EU Member States.55 The Luxembourg Court established a much broader human rights review over their actions and paved the way for a much clearer reference to the Convention’s provi- sions as a material source of EU legal order, rather than a source of inspiration.56 Nonetheless, besides the consensus in this field, conflicts and inconsistencies between the two European jurisdictions have not been sidestepped. The main preoccupation of the following section is thus to unveil the extent to which the CJEU has directly referred to ECHR norms to protect private and family life57 with regard to the most controversial fields of data protection and migration/ asylum cases.
From Darwin to Derrida Selfish Genes, Social Selves, and the Meanings of Life - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Evolutionary theory can be a nasty business. Perhaps it has something to say about human nature. Most scientifically respectable evolutionary theories wear garments of math. I think of mathematical models as disciplined metaphors. We use x to represent something in the world, say slugs, and y to represent something else, say lettuces, then we analyze the relation of x to y using mathematics. We imagine that slugs and lettuces behave like x and y in the model, and then we use how x and y behave in the model to understand how slugs and lettuces behave in the world. Nobody can argue with mathematical models—that is one of the points of using mathematics—but there can be endless arguments about what you put into a model and what you leave out, and endless arguments about what the model means, because metaphors can be interpreted in many ways. I am not criticizing the use of metaphors—far from it, they are essential. All that we know about the world is metaphor. Our perceptions are a virtual reality, not the thing in itself but something that stands in the place of the thing. Phenomena are metaphors used to comprehend things. Don’t worry, this book contains almost no mathematics; but, if you don’t like metaphor, then this is probably a good time to return the book and ask for a refund.
Game storming by Dave Gray Sunni Brown James Macanufo - Epub + Converted PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Imagine a boy playing with a ball. He kicks the ball against a wall, and the ball bounces back to him. He stops the ball with his foot and kicks it again. By engaging in this kind of play, the boy learns to associate certain movements of his body with the movements of the ball in space. We could call this associative play. Now imagine that the boy is waiting for a friend. The friend appears, and the two boys begin to walk down a sidewalk together, kicking the ball back and forth as they go. Now the play has gained a social dimension; one boy's actions suggest a response, and vice versa. You could think of this form of play as a kind of improvised conversation, where the two boys engage each other using the ball as a medium. This kind of play has no clear beginning or end; rather, it flows seamlessly from one state into another. We could call this streaming play. Now imagine that the boys come to a small park, and that they become bored simply kicking the ball back and forth. One boy says to the other, "Let's take turns trying to hit that tree. You have to kick the ball from behind this line." The boy draws a line by dragging his heel through the dirt. "We'll take turns kicking the ball. Each time you hit the tree you get a point. First one to five wins." The other boy agrees and they begin to play. Now the play has become a game; a fundamentally different kind of play. What makes a game different? We can break down this very simple game into some basic components that separate it from other kinds of play.Imagine a boy playing with a ball. He kicks the ball against awall, and the ball bounces back to him. He stops the ball with hisfoot and kicks it again. By engaging in this kind of play, the boylearns to associate certain movements of his body with themovements of the ball in space. We could call this associativeplay.Now imagine that the boy is waiting for a friend. The friendappears, and the two boys begin to walk down a sidewalktogether, kicking the ball back and forth as they go. Now theplay has gained a social dimension; one boy's actions suggest aresponse, and vice versa. You could think of this form of play as akind of improvised conversation, where the two boys engageeach other using the ball as a medium. This kind of play has noclear beginning or end; rather, it flows seamlessly from one stateinto another. We could call this streaming play.Now imagine that the boys come to a small park, and that theybecome bored simply kicking the ball back and forth. One boysays to the other, "Let's take turns trying to hit that tree. Youhave to kick the ball from behind this line." The boy draws a lineby dragging his heel through the dirt. "We'll take turns kickingthe ball. Each time you hit the tree you get a point. First one tofive wins." The other boy agrees and they begin to play. Now theplay has become a game; a fundamentally different kind of play.What makes a game different? We can break down this verysimple game into some basic components that separate it fromother kinds of play.
Housing Policy in the United States Fourth Editio - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 Introduction In its preamble to the 1949 Housing Act, Congress declared its goal of “a decent home in a suit- able living environment for every American family.” In the more than 60 years since this legisla- tion was passed, the federal government has helped fund the construction and rehabilitation of more than 5 million housing units for low-income households and provided rental vouchers to nearly 2 million additional families. Yet, the nation’s housing problems remain acute. In 2017, 44.7 million households lived in physically deficient housing, spent 30 percent or more of their income on housing, or were homeless (U.S. Census Bureau 2018; U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 2018). Put differently, about 113 million Americans—around 35 per- cent of the nation’s population and more than triple the 28.5 million lacking health insurance in 2017 (Berchick, Hood, & Barnett 2018)—confronted serious housing problems or had no housing at all.1 This book tells the story of how the United States has tried to address the nation’s housing problems. It looks at the primary policies and programs designed to make decent and affordable housing available to Americans of modest means. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of these policies and programs and the challenges that still remain. The book takes a broad view of housing policy, focusing not only on specific housing subsidy programs, such as public housing, but also on the federal income tax code and regulations affecting mortgage lending, land use decisions, real estate transactions, and other activities integral to the housing market. Some of these broader aspects of housing policy provide financial incentives for investments in affordable housing, others attempt to make housing available to low-income and minority households and communities by penalizing discriminatory practices and through other regulatory interventions. Put simply, then, this book is about policies and programs designed to help low-income and other disadvantaged individuals and households access decent and affordable housing. It examines programs and policies that subsidize housing for low-income households or that attempt to break down institutional barriers, such as discriminatory practices in the real estate industry that impede access to housing. The book is intended to be a general overview of housing policy. It is beyond its scope to delve deeply into programmatic details or to cover all aspects of the field in equal depth. The focus is on federal and, to a lesser degree, state and local programs and policies that subsidize housing for low-income households or otherwise attempt to make housing accessible to this population. Much less attention is given to policies concerned with the physical aspects of housing, such as design standards and building regulations—except when they are explicitly employed to promote affordable housing. The book does not examine in detail the operation of housing markets or pro- vide a comprehensive legislative history of housing policy.
Imagining Prostitution in Modern Japan, 1850–1913 - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 1 O ne Introduction On a mid-winter morning, some months after the death of the Meiji Em- peror on July 30, 1912, daily newspapers across Japan informed the na- tion that an “unprecedented manuscript,” written by a prostitute under the pseudonym Wada Yoshiko, was arriving at bookstores everywhere. It was called Yūjo monogatari (A Prostitute’s Tale) and was published by Bunmeidō Press.1 The news of Wada’s accomplishment was so wide- spread that for the rest of the week, it attracted an unusual procession of visitors to her pleasure quarters in Naitō-Shinjuku, a famous commuter town located on the outskirts of Tokyo. Journalists lined up to interview her, current patrons came to congratulate her, and new potential clients showed up to set eyes on her.2 In her sequel, Yūjo monogatari, zoku-hen (A Prostitute’s Tale, Part II), published less than a year after the first book, Wada describes this mo- ment as a set of mixed blessings (see figure 1.1). At first, she encountered unrelenting scorn and criticism from her immediate circle of managers, colleagues, and patrons. After the book was released, the madam of the brothel harshly condemned her for divulging private information about their clients. Her book revealed unsavory details about the conditions of the syphilis hospital where the prostitutes went for regular mandatory health exams and were confined if found diseased. Given her negative exposé, the director of the hospital came to the brothel to denounce Wada for staining his good reputation. Although Wada was careful not to reveal any names, she had disclosed job titles, and therefore, the madam rea- soned, anyone could identify the director or other brothel affiliates men- tioned in her book. In response, the madam demanded that Wada issue an immediate apology and retract some of the sections of her publication. Prostitutes in the brothel shunned Wada, too, for sharing details about their district clients and destroying their mutual trust.
Iron Oxides by Damien Faivre - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: As the name of the book “Iron oxides: from nature to applications” suggests, iron oxides are not only widespread in the environment, but also widely used by mankind in a variety of applications (Figure 1.1). Both this ubiquitous presence in nature and the utilization as tools have been established for cen- turies and are still valid today. The first illustrative examples of iron oxides certainly are compass needle or rust (Figure 1.2). Iron oxides are present in solid, liquid, and gaseous environments, with respective examples such as rocks, as mineral inclusion in swimming bacteria or in aerosols. Depending on the type of use, several sources of iron oxides exist. Applications range from the heavy steel production to medicine and art. The different aspects of mineral formation and their use as well as modern characterization techniques are reviewed in this book
Arvid Schors Doppelter Boden. Die SALT-Verhandlungen 1963-1979 - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Initiativen zur Reduzierung der nuklearen Bedrohung hatte es seit Be- ginn des Kalten Krieges immer wieder gegeben. Die USA hatten bereits 1946 unter dem Eindruck der Atombombenabwürfe über Hiroshima und Nagasaki den Baruch-Plan vorgelegt. Er sah die Errichtung einer internationalen Körperschaft vor, der ein globales Monopol für die militärische Nutzung der Atomkraft zukommen sollte. Dieses Konzept einer vollständigen nuklearen Abrüstung scheiterte am Widerstand der Sowjetunion, die zu diesem Zeitpunkt den USA nukleartechnisch unter- legen und deshalb nicht bereit war, eine Vereinbarung zu schließen, die das US -amerikanische Atomwaffenmonopol auf Jahre hin festgeschrie- ben hätte.1 Mit ihrem ersten erfolgreichen Atomwaffentest brach die Sowjetunion 1949 schließlich dieses amerikanische Monopol.2 Während der 1950er Jahre begann auch sie stärkeres Gewicht auf Atomwaffen und ballistische Raketen zu legen
Dynamic Détente. The United States and Europe, 1964–1975 - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Détente seemed to prolong the division of Europe. It seemed to make America lose sight of its mission. From the perspective of its critics, détente allowed for the Soviet Union’s arms buildup in the 1970s, and it allegedly precipitated America’s decline in the wake of the Vietnam War. That is the traditional Cold War narrative.1 This book tells a different story though. I argue that the power of dynamic détente policies transformed Europe in the shadow of the military status quo. This study depicts the origins and the implementation of American policies to overcome Europe’s division peace- fully through the kind of dynamic détente that was codified in the Helsinki Final Act of 1975. I emphasize that the transformative effects of the Helsinki Accords had been envisaged since the 1960s: Lyndon Johnson’s bridge build- ing and Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik were the forerunners for the Helsinki pro- cess. Johnson and Brandt were eager to foster liberalizing changes in Eastern Europe through an expansion of East-West communication. The assumption was that the Communist rules were prepared to open up their systems gradu- ally for freer movement of people, information, and ideas provided that they were granted international securityآیا کتاب مورد نظر هنوز بر روی سایت قرار نگرفته است؟ جای نگرانی نیست! کافی است بر روی گزینه سفارش کتاب کلیک کرده و درخواست خود را ثبت کنید. در کمتر از چند ساعت کتاب شما را آماده خواهیم کرد.