موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
5 Things You Never Knew About Hurricanes - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: 5 Things You Never Knew About Hurricanes Dr. Mark Guishard Director, Bermuda Weather Service Background Hurricanes are: Large low pressure systems triggered by pre-existing disturbances Fueled by the energy released from the ocean surface Source: NOAA Background Most of the energy and mass in a hurricane is focused quite near the centre Strongest in a concentric ring of severe weather, called the “eyewall” Surrounds a calm central “eye” Source: NASA Background June September Birthplaces of Hurricanes Background June September Birthplaces of Hurricanes Source: NOAA Background Hurricane Season: Jun. 1- Nov. 30 Background Sea Surface Temperature shows a direct relationship with hurricane activity – Represents the ocean energy source for fueling the storms Background Sea Surface Temperature shows a direct relationship with hurricane activity – Represents the ocean energy source for fueling the storms L H Heating In order to keep the heating in the core above the surface disturbance, there must be little or no shear. Strong shear in the medium levels would rip the storm apart. Background Sea Surface Temperature shows a direct relationship with hurricane activity – Represents the ocean energy source for fueling the storms Vertical wind shear has a destructive effect on storm formation L H Heating In order to keep the heating in the core above the surface disturbance, there must be little or no shear. Strong shear in the medium levels would rip the storm apart. L H Heating 1) El Niño Influences Atlantic Hurricane Numbers What is El Niño? –A climate cycle that occurs every few years. –A shift of warm surface water across the tropical Pacific from west to east. –Caused by the relaxation of the trade winds. 1 Average conditions - January - March El Niño conditions - January - March El Niño conditions Sea Surface Temperature 1 Named by South American fishermen for the Christ child. Warming of waters off Peru coincided with Christmas. Source: NOAA Average conditions - January - March El Niño conditions - January - March El Niño conditions Sea Surface Temperature 1 Named by South American fishermen for the Christ child. Warming of waters off Peru coincided with Christmas. The opposite effect is named “La Niña” La Niña conditions - January - March Source: NOAA El Niño Effects Increased wind shear downstream – suppressed hurricane formation in the main Atlantic development region 1 Source: NOAA Effects on Hurricane season The disruption of the upper winds translates to the Atlantic, suppressing Hurricane activity for El Niño years in this part of the world. The opposite occurs in a La Niña year, when Atlantic Hurricane Season tends to be very active. 1 1987 - an El Niño year Only 8 Named Storms in the Atlantic. But what else happened in 1987? Hurricane Emily! 1 Source: Unisys 1998 - A La Niña Year 14 Named Storms in the Atlantic. Cat 5 Hurricane Mitch dumped up to 800mm of rain within 48 hours in Honduras & Nicaragua. Mitch caused over 9,000 deaths. 1 Source: Unisys 2) Vulnerability to Hurricanes Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. “Disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". A natural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strong earthquakes in uninhabited areas. Some factors influencing vulnerability: – Social – Physical 2 Source: Wikipedia Social aspects of vulnerability Awareness/Preparedness 1900 Galevston Hurricane – The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 is to date the deadliest natural disaster ever to strike the United States: estimated 8,000 fatalities. – Large death toll may be attributed to lack of awareness that the storm was coming 2 Source: Wikipedia Social aspects of vulnerability Miami Beach 1926 Wendler Collection Miami Beach 2006 Joel Gratz © 2006 2 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 68000 1980 1991 2000 2010 2020 Projected Bermuda Population Growth Our own poulation density well exceeds 1000 people per km 2 Only forecast to get higher… 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 68000 1980 1991 2000 2010 2020 2 Source: Government of Bermuda Dept. of Statistics Physical aspects of vulnerability Geography Hurricane Katrina, 2005 – City of New Orleans lies largely below sea level 2 Source: FEMA Events themselves drive vulnerability 2 Intensity: Andrew 1992 Mitch 1998 Fabian 2003 Frequency: Combinations of factors can maximize vulnerability 1970 Bhola Cyclone: Deadliest known tropical cyclone of all time – A powerful cyclone that hit Bangladesh on November 13, 1970 killed 500,000 people from storm surge, high winds, and flooding. 2005 Hurricane Katrina Factors: – Lack of Awareness &/or Preparedness – Geography – Population – Intensity 2 3) Global Warming and Hurricanes 3 Source: UEA NHC Best Track Storm Database 3 Source: Landsea, 2006 Bermuda Best Track Storms Historically Bermuda is affected on average ~1 every 2 years (not necessarily direct hits) 0 1 2 3 4 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 More recently… 3 Source: BWS Global Warming & Increase in Hurricane Frequency? 0 1 2 3 4 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Two camps – fierce debate. Problems with conclusions made on both sides of argument. 3 Source: Landsea, 2006 4) Water is the biggest killer, not wind “If the projected rise in sea level due to global warming occurs, then the vulnerability to tropical cyclone storm surge flooding would increase.” Storm Surge is a dome of water driven by the persistent strong winds in a tropical system (not by the low central pressure!) Source: NOAA Storm Tide 4 Ocean WavesOcean Waves MWL Wave Setup ExtremeExtreme WindsWinds Wave Runup MSL datum Expected High Tide StormStorm TideTide Surge after Harper (2001) Storm Surge - Continental Effects Continental Shelf Ocean Direction of wave movement As waves move into a shallower environment, their amplitudes increase and wavelengths decrease. 4 Waves - Island effects On a small, isolated island such as Bermuda, this effect is small; Large waves are deflected around the sea mount, in the surrounding deep water. Amplitudes and wavelengths stay fairly constant. However, sea states can still be quite significant in tropical systems... Bermuda Sea Floor Direction of wave movement 4 Before and After the Hurricane Richelieu Apartments Pass Christian, MS Hurricane Camille 17 Aug 1969 4 Source: NOAA 4 Katrina Storm Surge Model 4 Source: LSU Katrina Storm Surge Map Source: FEMA 4 5) A Hurricane is not always a Hurricane… 5 Subtropical storms – about half of the storms we get in hurricane season are not even named by NHC Source: Guishard, 2007 October 2001: Subtropical Storm ⇒ Hurricane Karen 989 mb 5Source: UW-CIMSS Source: BWS In Bermuda, more gales come from marine winter storms than from hurricanes 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1/1/2002 2/1/2002 3/1/2002 4/1/2002 5/1/2002 6/1/2002 7/1/2002 8/1/2002 9/1/2002 10/1/2002 11/1/2002 12/1/2002 1/1/2003 2/1/2003 3/1/2003 4/1/2003 5/1/2003 6/1/2003 7/1/2003 8/1/2003 9/1/2003 10/1/2003 11/1/2003 12/1/2003 1/1/2004 2/1/2004 3/1/2004 4/1/2004 5/1/2004 6/1/2004 7/1/2004 8/1/2004 9/1/2004 10/1/2004 11/1/2004 12/1/2004 1/1/2005 2/1/2005 3/1/2005 4/1/2005 5/1/2005 6/1/2005 7/1/2005 8/1/2005 9/1/2005 10/1/2005 11/1/2005 12/1/2005 1/1/2006 2/1/2006 3/1/2006 4/1/2006 5/1/2006 6/1/2006 7/1/2006 8/1/2006 9/1/2006 10/1/2006 11/1/2006 12/1/2006 1/1/2007 Fabian Florence Winter Winter Winter Winter 5 Bermuda daily average winds over 5 years Source: BWS Recap El Niño – Natural climate pattern – Reduces hurricane formation in the Atlantic… – …by changing the shear pattern in the main development region. Vulnerability to Hurricanes is compounded by social and physical aspects like – Geography, – Population and – Awareness, – in addition to the frequency and intensity of the events themselves. Recap The effects of global warming on hurricanes in the Atlantic are not as clear as they might appear at first. Unreliable database before: –Satellites and Radar –Aircraft reconnaissance –Weather Balloons Water is the biggest cause of fatalities in hurricanes, not direct wind strength. Hurricane force winds don't always come from what we classically think of as hurricanes. Any Questions? Dr. Mark Guishard Director, Bermuda Weather Service
Why Life Speeds Up As You Get Older: How Memory Shapes our Past - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Is it true, as the novelist Cees Nooteboom once wrote, that memory is like a dog that lies down where it pleases? Where do the long, lazy summers of our childhood go? Why, as we grow older, does time seem to condense, speed up and elude us, while in old age, significant events from our distant past can seem as vivid and real as what happened yesterday? Douwe Draaisma, author of the internationally acclaimed Metaphors of Memory (Cambridge, 2001), explores the nature of autobiographical memory. Applying a unique blend of scholarship, poetic sensibility, and keen observation, he tackles such extraordinary phenomena as deja-vu, near-death experiences, the memory feats of idiot savants, and the effects of extreme trauma on memory recall. Raising almost as many questions as it answers, this fascinating book will not fail to affect you at the same time as it educates and entertains. Douwe Draaisma is Professor of the History of Psychology in the Department of Theory and History of Psychology at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. He has published books on time and memory and his articles have appeared in professional journals as diverse as Annals of Science, Psychological Medicine, and Nature. The original Dutch version of Why Life Speeds Up As You Get Older has won several scientific and literary awards.
Quantum Psychology: How Brain Software Programs You and Your World - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Throughout human history, thoughts, values and behaviors have been colored by language and the prevailing view of the universe. With the advent of Quantum Mechanics, relativity, non-Euclidean geometries, non-Aristotelian logic and General Semantics, the scientific view of the world has changed dramatically from just a few decades ago. Nonetheless, human thinking is still deeply rooted in the cosmology of the middle ages. Quantum Psychology is the book to change your way of perceiving yourself—and the universe for the 21st Century. Some say it's materialistic, others call it scientific and still others insist it's mystical. It is all of these—and none.
Veterinary Immunology 10E - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: This textbook was first published in 1977, at a time when veterinary immunology was relatively new and poorly understood. Nevertheless, it was recognized, even then, that immunology held the key to many of the significant issues in veterinary medicine. The importance of immunology has not declined since then, except among those tasked with establishing college curricula. The decline in basic science instruction at colleges of veterinary medicine in favor of more clinical training has resulted in graduating a generation of veterinarians whose knowledge of immunology is minimal. Yet immunology continues to be a key science. It is central to our understanding of major veterinary issues such as vaccination, cancer, infectious diseases, and allergies. It has been tempting to dilute the contents of this text and its associated website to conform to current curricular trends. I have resisted this. Because the amount of knowledge of immunology required to obtain a veterinary degree has been progressively reduced, the need to document the science in depth has correspondingly increased. This book therefore continues to grow as the result of opening up new, exciting areas of the science. Veterinarians need to know much of this if they are to practice cutting-edge science in the 21st century. Read it, study it, and enjoy its wonderful complexity. Over the many years that this textbook has been published we have seen many changes in the science of immunology. In most cases, these changes have been gradual in nature as investigators add detail to existing knowledge. Occasionally, however, major leaps are made that effectively revolutionize the discipline—socalled paradigm shifts. For example, in the late 1990s, the concept of innate immunity was accepted. Inflammation and other processes were finally recognized as being essential components of the immune system and the dual innate and adaptive immune systems were shown to complement each other. It is interesting to note that this was not a new discovery but a new way of looking at well recognized processes. This new edition also reflects revolutionary changes in the way we think of immunology. Like the concept of innate immunity, these changes are not a result of a previously unknown process but a belated recognition of something known about since the dawn of microbiology, the body's normal microbiota. New methodologies and intensive studies have revealed that many body processes, especially immunity, are regulated by the diverse microbiota that colonizes all body surfaces. Much of immunology has had to be reassessed in the light of this new knowledge. Both innate and adaptive immunity are regulated by those organisms, especially bacteria, that live in the intestine and respiratory tract and on the skin. Many previously unexplained phenomena have now been shown to depend on the normal microbiota. As a result of this new information, the reader will encounter the microbiota at every turn in this book, plus a completely new chapter on the subject. The second new chapter deals with allergic diseases. For many years, these were readily explained by the production of IgE against allergens. The most recent information, however, has demonstrated that allergies are much more complex than this. For example, atopic dermatitis, one of the most common conditions seen by small animal veterinarians, is likely a syndrome with multiple complex causative factors. As a result, allergic and inflammatory diseases deserve a new chapter. These additions cannot, however, hide the fact that the rest of immunology also continues to move forward. Thus the mechanisms by which the body rejects gastrointestinal helminths has been clarified with the discovery of the importance of tuft cells and interleukin-33. Associated with this has been the recognition of the complex nature of innate lymphoid cells and their subpopulations. Some of these advances can be considered routine, such as the identification of new cell surface molecules and many new cytokines. New disease syndromes such as swine SCID, bovine neonatal pancytopenia, and immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis are now described, and the pathogenesis of others such as atopic dermatitis, type I diabetes mellitus, equine laminitis, and systemic lupus are shown to be more complex than previously believed. New advances in therapy are covered, including the introduction of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer and the use of monoclonal antibody therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for immune-mediated diseases. The exciting new developments in the use of nanoparticles in vaccines and as adjuvants are now described. The significant roles of vitamins A and D as well as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immunity are also recognized. Advances in basic science that are now discussed include new findings on the structure and genetics of bovine antibodies, epigenetics, RNA interference, microRNA, macrophage polarization, and type 1 and type 2 immune responses. I make no apologies for the size and complexity of this text. Immunology is a complex subject that has a direct bearing on many of the most important areas of veterinary medicine. Students, as well as graduate veterinarians, ignore it at their peril. Finally, readers are strongly encouraged to visit the Evolve website for this text. The site is also constantly evolving and improving. In it you will be able to find a collection of more than 450 multiple-choice questions (with the answers!) keyed to each chapter; a set of flashcards also linked to chapters; all the text figures available as PowerPoint slides; and a collection of animations kindly provided by Dr. Abul Abbas, as well as brand new animations created for this textbook, designed to clarify some complex processes and pathways where still figures are inadequate. All the chapter references are keyed to PubMed. There are also new hand-outs that students can print off and use as a reference, should you wish. It is my hope that these assets will help you remain current in this rapidly expanding and exciting field.
Principles of Tissue Engineering Fifth Edition - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Now in its fifth edition, Principles of Tissue Engineering has been the definite resource in the field of tissue engineering for more than a decade. The fifth edition provides an update on this rapidly progressing field, combining the prerequisites for a general understanding of tissue growth and development, the tools and theoretical information needed to design tissues and organs, as well as a presentation by the world’s experts of what is currently known about each specific organ system. As in previous editions, this book creates a comprehensive work that strikes a balance among the diversity of subjects that are related to tissue engineering, including biology, chemistry, material science, and engineering, among others, while also emphasizing those research areas that are likely to be of clinical value in the future. This edition includes greatly expanded focus on stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, stem cell niches, and blood components from stem cells. This research has already produced applications in disease modeling, toxicity testing, drug development, and clinical therapies. This up-to-date coverage of stem cell biology and the application of tissue-engineering techniques for food production – is complemented by a series of new and updated chapters on recent clinical experience in applying tissue engineering, as well as a new section on the emerging technologies in the field.
Economics for Business - PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The economic policy consensus has evolved not because the principles of economics have changed, but because over time we have learned more about the inferences that can be drawn from them. Accompanying this consensus are policy priorities, which are having a major impact on global standards of living, income distribution and lifestyles. The global reach of the economic consensus is its most remarkable characteristic. In Europe and North America, the key turning points were the policy reforms of Prime Minister Thatcher and President Reagan in the first half of the 1980s. New Zealand and Australia developed even more radical pro-market policies. In South America, dramatic policy initiatives were taken in Chile during the 1980s, and Chile’s example was followed by Bolivia, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Brazil. In Asia, India embraced a reform package in the early 1990s which focused on a more intensive use of market incentives in domestic labour and product markets, openness to trade and foreign investment, and fiscal stability. China too has become more conscious of the need to use market mechanisms. Throughout Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, policy-makers have turned away from economic planning and price controls, and are searching for ways of making their markets function more efficiently, through privatisation programmes, market flexibility measures, competition policy and more enterprise-friendly tax regimes
China: The Great Transition From Agrarian Economy to Technological Powerhouse - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The great transition of China from a subsistence agrarian economy to a technolog- ically driven economic powerhouse reflects the achievements of the hardworking Chinese people. China continues to grow as the second largest economy of the world from 2010 onwards. It is going to be the largest economy in the world by putting US economy behind. The Chinese GDP has increased of 1,500 times from 1952. The transformation of China and its economic growth is neither miraculous nor a product of market economy. The economic development in China is a product of political pursuit shaped by the Chinese people led by the Communist Party of China from 1921 onwards. China is not only the workshop of the world today but also works as the engine of global economic growth. The state led development in China paves the path of recovery and provides direction to the crisis ridden global economy. The rapid transition of Chinese economy and its society is profoundly affecting the competitive capabilities of the capitalist economies. There are consistent attempts by the liberal and western intellectuals, commentators and writers to undermine the Chinese politics and achievements of working people of China. The ideologically driven propaganda is a dangerous trap that hides viable alternatives from people. The phenomenal Chinese economic growth and development led to the significant fall of poverty in China. The World Bank (2022) study on “Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead” shows that China lifted 800 million people out of poverty and contributed to three-quarters of the global reduction of extreme poverty. There were 250 million poor living in rural China in 1978 which has declined in a massive scale. There were more than 750 million (about two-thirds of the population) in China lived below international poverty line in 1990. The commitment and targeted approach of the Chinese government has led to the eradication of absolute poverty in China. There is remarkable growth of access an
Research on China’s Monetary Policy System and Conduction Mechanism - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: At the initial stages of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping put forward the idea of “quadrupling” the national economic aggregate to realize a Chinese-style modernization. Later, he further developed this idea into a “three-step” strategic idea. On April 30, 1987, when meeting with guests from Spain, Deng Xiaoping said, “Our goal for the first step is to reach, by 1990, a per capita GNP of US$500, that is, double the 1980 figure of US$250. The goal for the second step is, by the turn of the century, to reach a per capita GNP of US$1,000. When we reach that goal, China will have shaken off poverty and achieved comparative prosperity. The goal we have set for the third step is the most important one: quadrupling the US$1 trillion figure of the year 2000 within another 30 to 50 years. That will mean a per capita GNP of roughly $4,000 —in other words, a medium standard of living
Study on China’s Industrial Competitiveness - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: International competitiveness, which rose in the 1980s and became a hot spot in the world in the 1990s, driven by the economic globalization, information technology revolution and the rapid development of high-tech industry, has gradually become an important research field and attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Economic competition, in the final analysis, is industrial competition. The overall economic competitiveness of a country or region is determined by the competitive- ness of its main industries. With the rapid development of economic globalization and the promise of China to accede to WTO, how to deal with the open international market become the concerned issue of corporate, industrial, government, research institution and the public. China has strong competitiveness in the market potential and human resource. But from 1994 to 2006, the international competitiveness of China was ranked in around 28th dues to the weakness of enterprise competitiveness. Industry competitiveness is the biggest bottleneck for China to improve the international competitiveness![Kulturmacht Ohne Kompass: Deutsche Auswartige Kulturbeziehungen Im 20. Jahrhundert (German Edition) [2013] - Original PDF](https://dl.libsan.ir/images/1/12/7_6468e9d0ef5c1.jpg)
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