موضوعات
آموزش و پرورش
ادبیات و زبان
پزشکی، دندانپزشکی و داروسازی
تاریخ و جغرافیا
داستان و رمان
دیگر
دین و فلسفه
روانشناسی
ریاضیات و آمار
سلامتی، تناسب اندام و رژیم غذایی
شیمی و پلیمر
علوم اجتماعی و حقوق
علوم زیستی و بیوتکنولوژی
فیزیک و نجوم
کامپیوتر و اینترنت
کتابهای کودکان و داستان
کسب و کار و اقتصاد
کشاورزی و دامپزشکی و غذا
معماری
مهندسی و فناوری
هنر و تئاتر
محصولات
A Commissioner’s Primer to Economics of Competition Law in India - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Open market functioning has many supporters as detractors biased in favor of regulation and competition rather than regulation and control. These divergent pulls frame the political economy of regulation and competition. Paradigm shifts in economic policies from regulation to competition is a layered process beset with distinguishing the process from regulating a sector to regulating markets for competitiveness. In India at least the processes are not sharply defined. Regulation has always been central to the industrial strategies adopted by the Government of India. Discussions on regulation per se contend with differing perspec- tives of welfare maximization of economic welfare and consumer harm. The underlying debates on industrial strategies preceding the shift to economic liberalization was on the opening of sectors to private invest- ments and the sequencing of reforms at the macro-level of current account versus capital account liberalization and at the micro-level of the sectors that need regulation on account of their economic charac- teristics of natural monopoly such as power sector and telecom (Geeta, 2020, 2017). The debate in these sectors was on the balance of power in the structure of designated regulatory body or sector commissions.1 The paradigm shift to an open economy and a market facilitator was much slower with the Competition Commission established a decade later. The debates were on agreements that result inappreciable effect on competi- tion to entry barriers legally created or market created to abuse of marke
Agricultural Innovation in Asia Efficiency, Welfare, and Technology - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The term innovation has attracted the attention of many scholars. Some of them mentioned this directly. One of the most well-known pioneers was Schumpeter, who influenced the theory of innovation (OECD, 2005). Innovation is defined as the “Innovation or development combines factors in a new way or it consists in carrying out new combinations” (Schumpeter, 1939, 1983). Thus, innovation is considered to be a component of economic growth. Schumpeter (1983) divided innovation into five types: new products (a new good that consumers are not yet familiar with or a new quality of a good), new methods of production that are not yet tested adequately by the manufacturer, new sources of supply of raw materials or half-manufactured goods, irrespective of whether this source already exists or whether it has first to be created, opening of new markets (that is, a market into which the particular branch of manufacture of the country in question has not previously entered, whether or not this market has existed before), and newly introducing or reorganizing any industry. Rogers (1983) stated that “an innovation is an idea, practice, or object perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption” when he developed the theory of diffusion. The diffusion approach allows one to assess the impact of development programs on many aspects such as agriculture (Rogers, 1983)
A New World is Possible The Modernization of China - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: This preface was written specifically for English-language readers. Five years have passed since the completion of the original Chinese edition in 2017. These five years have been eventful in terms of global developments: COVID-19, tensions between China and the US, the economic crisis, the conflict in Ukraine... all of which make the themes of this book more relevant. And since the original book was written with Chinese-language readers in mind, I thought it necessary to write a new preface for the benefit of English-language readers. This book is about China’s path to modernization as well as development theory. I describe how an impoverished agrarian nation became a modernized state. What were the major choices that China made along the way? What is unique about China’s path to modernization? What are the universal laws of modernization that China discovered? In what ways does China’s success challenge the theories of main- stream social sciences (including political economy, development economics, polit- ical science, international relations, and civilizational studies)? How will China’s success contribute to these fields? What does a Chinese-style path to moderniza- tion mean for the 21st-century world? How should today’s world view Marxism and socialism? These are some of our key questions. In this preface, I want to talk about why I wrote this book and what readers can gain from the English editio
China: The Great Transition From Agrarian Economy to Technological Powerhouse - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: The great transition of China from a subsistence agrarian economy to a technolog- ically driven economic powerhouse reflects the achievements of the hardworking Chinese people. China continues to grow as the second largest economy of the world from 2010 onwards. It is going to be the largest economy in the world by putting US economy behind. The Chinese GDP has increased of 1,500 times from 1952. The transformation of China and its economic growth is neither miraculous nor a product of market economy. The economic development in China is a product of political pursuit shaped by the Chinese people led by the Communist Party of China from 1921 onwards. China is not only the workshop of the world today but also works as the engine of global economic growth. The state led development in China paves the path of recovery and provides direction to the crisis ridden global economy. The rapid transition of Chinese economy and its society is profoundly affecting the competitive capabilities of the capitalist economies. There are consistent attempts by the liberal and western intellectuals, commentators and writers to undermine the Chinese politics and achievements of working people of China. The ideologically driven propaganda is a dangerous trap that hides viable alternatives from people. The phenomenal Chinese economic growth and development led to the significant fall of poverty in China. The World Bank (2022) study on “Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead” shows that China lifted 800 million people out of poverty and contributed to three-quarters of the global reduction of extreme poverty. There were 250 million poor living in rural China in 1978 which has declined in a massive scale. There were more than 750 million (about two-thirds of the population) in China lived below international poverty line in 1990. The commitment and targeted approach of the Chinese government has led to the eradication of absolute poverty in China. There is remarkable growth of access an
A Revolt in the Steppe Understanding Kazakhstan’s January Events of 2022 - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: In return, it appears like these two patterns are more conducive to the preservation of the former leader’s legacy when they are associated with the family/dynastic model sub-pattern based upon the sole example in the region with a long-enough experience that allows us to make such a judgment, that is the case of Azerbaijan (because the 2022 transition in Turkmenistan between Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and his son is still recent, it is premature to make any valuable evaluation at the moment). In the Azerbaijani case, because of his failing health, Heydar Aliyev resigned from power in October 2003 a few weeks before his death and appointed his son, Ilham, as the sole candidate of his party for the presidential elec- tions that were constitutionally required. Despite being dead for almost 20 years now, Heydar Aliyev remains a central figure in the national narrative of Azerbaijan and is depicted as the father of the nation (the equivalent to the figure of Ataturk in Turket). Although Ilham had plenty of time to overtake his father’s role during his tenure at the head of the country, he has rather decided to remain in his shadow.
Institutions and Economic Development - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Arguably, the most important question in Economics and probably in social sci- ence is ‘why are some nations rich, and others poor?’ Not only is this an interesting theoretical question, it has practical relevance to human living. According to the World Bank, 9.4% of the global population are still living below the poverty line of US$1.90-a-day (The World Bank, 2020). Understanding the factors that con- tribute to a nation’s economic development will help clarify the path forward for development policymaking. This Companion will explore the phenomenon of economic development and review the leading theories explaining why it is present in some nations and absent in others. Such a task will necessarily require one to be selective, as development studies is a complex field involving various disciplines with no easy answers. Even today, development economists debate the causes of development and how to foster it in poor nations, if at all possible. Before diving into development theories, however, this chapter will first define some basic concepts and establish general facts. The subsequent sections will pin down the concept of ‘economic development’ and provide factual information about changes in living standards over time. We show that a real and sustained improvement in living standards has indeed occurred—called the ‘Great Enrich- ment’ which started in the late eighteenth century onwards. Accordingly, we explore the deep determinants of this development and focus on the rules and values in society which have facilitated this improvement in living standard
Education, Human Capital Investment, and Innovation in the Contemporary Japanese Economy - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Analyzing the determinants of educational attainment, with class size being one of the most important among them, is crucial in investigating the accu- mulation of human capital and economic growth. However, we have not yet reached a clear conclusion regarding the relationship between class size and educational attainment. Some empirical studies show a positive correlation, while others find the correlation negative. In this chapter, we analyze the direct and indirect impacts of class size on educational attainment through the allocation of teachers’ efforts. We focus on the relationship between class size and teachers’ working hours to construct a formal model that endogenizes the time spent outside of class to prepare teaching materials and the time spent preparing for classes. The empirical results reveal that the relationship between class size and educational attainment can be U-shaped, inverted U-shaped, upward sloping, or downward sloping. This suggests the exis- tence of the optimal class size as well as the most inappropriate class size. In addition, the analysis points out that grade levels and the characteristics of each subject are as important as class size in achieving the maximum educational attainment, given limited educational resources
Tsinghua PBCSF Chief Economists Forum Turbulent 2022 - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: CHAPTER 1 Introduction Jiandong Ju Abstract Tsinghua PBCSF Chief Economist Forum, known as Wudaokou Forum, holds annually in PBC School of Finance at Tsinghua University, hosted by Center for International Finance and Economic Research (CIFER). The Forum was founded in March 2019, in coop- eration with JD.Com. Due to COVID-19, the annual meeting in 2020 was missed, and the second annual meeting held in April 2021. As the third annual forum, consisted with the style before, twenty leading chief economists were invited to give their opinions on the main theme which is the outlook in economy and policies in China and a changing world order in 2022 this year. The forum consists of four roundtable discussions with themes of (1) Outlook on the World Economy, Finance and Global Order, (2) China’s Economic and Policy Outlook, (3) Innovation, Finance and Tech Competition, and (4) Monetary Policy and Economic Growth. In the roundtable, each speaker first delivered his/her main opinion and then speakers went to heated discussions. This volume is an overview of the forum
Industrial Location and Vitalization of Regional Economy - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: A model of competition between a large-scale dominant firm and fringe firms is analyzed to examine the effect of market share regulation on the dominant firm to protect the small firms. One feature of the model is that the dominant firm and the small firms provide close but different services to consumers. Because business stealing effects are possible for both the dominant firm’s and small firms’ entries, the effect on social welfare is generally indefinite. When small firms face the danger of extinction because of the expansion of the dominant firm, it is demonstrated that the effect is evaluated solely by the excessiveness of the number of small firms. As small firms tend to enter excessively when there is spatial competition, the market share regulation on the dominant firm prevents efficient outcome unless small firms are eliminated. In most regional retail markets in Japan, small ordinary stores are far from total elimination, so a restriction on the expansion of large-scale stores is not needed.
China’s Food Security - Original PDF
نویسندگان: خلاصه: Our planet was formed about 4.5 billion years ago, while human beings evolved 2 or 3 million years ago, and the history of growing grain began more than 10,000 years ago. Following the agricultural and indus- trial civilizations, we are currently in the age of information civilization. Humans have landed on the moon, soared freely in space, but yet to get rid of hunger! Human history has witnessed several wars over food and land. Many nations prospered because of food, but many regimes perished because of food shortages. Being a primary human need, food has always been an influential factor for the survival and health of human beings, and a prerequisite for peace and stability of the world. Based on our history and experience, food is essential to human beings, to economic devel- opment, to social stability, and to national autonomy. Food is also a bargaining chip for diplomatic negotiations and a tool for international competitionآیا کتاب مورد نظر هنوز بر روی سایت قرار نگرفته است؟ جای نگرانی نیست! کافی است بر روی گزینه سفارش کتاب کلیک کرده و درخواست خود را ثبت کنید. در کمتر از چند ساعت کتاب شما را آماده خواهیم کرد.