Typosphere: New Fonts to Make You Think - PDF
نویسندگان: Marta Serrats, Pilar Cano
خلاصه: Intheearlyl990s,ahugenumberofgraphicdesignerslaunchedthemselvesintocreatingtypefaces.BoththetechnologicalrevolutionthatprecededtheappearanceofthefirstMacintoshcomputer,in1984,andthedevelopmentofrelativelyuser-friendlytypeface-productionsoftwareencouragedmanydesignerstoenterafieldthatwaspreviouslylimitedtohighlyexperiencedprofessionals.Theappearanceofthecomputerbroughtwithitagreatersenseoffreedom,anditallowedthegraphicdesignworldingeneraltoexploretheapparentlynonexistentlimitsofthisnewtechnology.Largenumbersofcreatorsgeneratedmassesofbizarrepieces,mostlyofanexperimentalnature,andthefreneticrhythmofproductioninevitablyaffectedtheirquality,bothingraphicandtypefacedesign.However,fromthistechnologicalrevolution,likeallrevolutions,arosearelativelyshortperiodofenergetic,large-scaleproduction,whichcametoanendasquicklyasithadstarted.Bytheendofthe1990stheworldofgraphicdesignhadsettleddown.Thoseexperimentingwithtypedesignreturnedtographics;somewentontoWebdesign,thenextrevolution,andtypefacedesignersruledtheroostonceagain.Thisreturntospecializationisdueinparttotheappearanceofmorecomplextypeface-productionsoftware,whichrequiredtech-nicalsophistication.Unicode,forexample,isanencodingsystemwhichcanidentifytheglyphsthateachtypefacecontains.Itlocatesaspecificglyphinatypeface'sdatabase,whenthattypefaceisused.OpenType,aprojectstartedin1995anddevelopedbybothMicrosoftandAdobe,actuallyproducedanewtypefaceformat,which,inreality,isahybridofexistingformatsandnewextensions.OpenTypeisaversatileformat,compatiblewithbothplatforms—MacandPC—whichalsoallowsthedevelopmentoflargecharactersets.Asinglefontmaycontainupto65,000glyphscomparedtoaprevious256.Thisfeaturefavorsthedevelopmentoftypefacesthatcontainvariouswritingsystemswithinasinglefont.Italsoallowsthepro-ductionofcomplexwritingsystems,suchasJapanese,whichusestwosyllabicalphabets,hiraganaandkatakana;oneideographic,kanji;and,inrecentyears,theso-calledromaji,orLatinalphabet.OpenTypealsoallowsuserstoaddotherfeatures,suchassmallcapitals,alternativecharacters,ligatures,OldStylefiguresandothers—attributesthatpreviouslyhadtobeseparatedintodiffer-ent"expert"fonts,whichwereaimedatprofessionalgraphicdesigners.Inshort,thesenewtechnologieshaveonceagainlimitedtypefacedesigntoprofessionalswithanin-depthknowledgeofboththenewtoolsandthetraditionaltechniques.Soanyonecreatingnewfontsthesedaysisdoingmuchmorethanmerelycreatingattractiveshapes.InthewordsofPaulRenner:"Heedthisprofessionals:Typefacedesignistechnology,anditisart."