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Ebook details:
عنوان: Ullmann's Energy, 3 Volume Set: Resources, Processes, Products
نویسنده: Wiley-VCH
ناشر: Wiley-VCH; 1 edition (June 2, 2015)
زبان: English
شابک: 3527333703, 978-3527333707
حجم: 152 Mb
فرمت: True Pdf

Ullmann's Energy: Resources, Processes, Products -- Preface -- Contents -- Symbols and Units -- Conversion Factors -- Abbreviations -- Country Codes -- Periodic Table of Elements -- Part 1: Energy Resources, Generation and Storage -- Batteries, 1. General -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Fundamental Laws -- 3.1. Equilibrium or Thermodynamic Parameters -- 3.2. Current Flow, Kinetic Parameters -- 3.2.1. Electron Transfer -- 3.2.2. Tafel Lines -- 3.2.3. Influence of Temperature -- 3.3. Heat Effects -- 3.3.1. Reversible Heat Effect -- 3.3.2. Current Related Heat Effects (Joule Effect) -- 3.3.3. Heat Generation in Total -- 3.4. Heating of the Battery -- 4. Battery Properties and Characteristics -- 4.1. Cell and Battery -- 4.1.1. Active Material -- 4.1.1.1. Change of Volume -- 4.1.1.2. Change of Electrode Structure -- 4.1.2. Nonactive Components -- 4.1.2.1. Conducting Components -- 4.1.2.2. Nonconducting Components -- 4.2. Battery Parameters -- 4.2.1. Voltage -- 4.2.2. Capacity -- 4.2.2.1. Secondary Batteries -- 4.2.2.2. Primary Batteries -- 4.2.3. Energy Content -- 4.2.4. Internal Resistance and Power Output -- 4.2.5. Charge Parameters -- 4.2.6. Self-Discharge -- 4.2.6.1. Mixed Potential -- 4.2.6.2. Further Self-Discharge Mechanisms -- 4.2.6.3. Apparent Self-Discharge -- 4.2.6.4. Capacity Loss During Storage -- 5. Classification of Battery Systems -- 5.1. Classification by Electrolyte -- 5.2. Classification by Construction -- 5.2.1. External Construction -- 5.2.2. Internal Construction -- References -- Further Reading -- Batteries, 2. Primary Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Systems Employing an Aqueous Electrolyte -- 2.1. Batteries with Weak Acid Electrolyte -- 2.1.1. Carbon-Zinc Systems -- 2.1.1.1. General -- 2.1.1.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.1.1.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.1.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 2.1.1.5. Prospects. 2.1.2. Air-Zinc System -- 2.1.2.1. General -- 2.1.2.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.1.2.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.1.2.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 2.1.2.5. Prospects -- 2.2. Batteries with "Neutral Electrolyte" -- 2.3. Batteries with Alkaline Electrolyte -- 2.3.1. Manganese Dioxide-Zinc System -- 2.3.1.1. General -- 2.3.1.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.3.1.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.3.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 2.3.1.5. Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Dioxide-Zinc System -- 2.3.1.6. Prospects -- 2.3.2. Silver Oxide-Zinc System -- 2.3.2.1. General -- 2.3.2.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.3.2.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.3.2.4. Batteries and Their Application -- 2.3.2.5. Prospects -- 2.3.3. Mercuric Oxide-Zinc System -- 2.3.3.1. General -- 2.3.3.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.3.3.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.3.3.4. Batteries and Application -- 2.3.3.5. Prospects -- 2.3.4. Alkaline Air-Zinc System -- 2.3.4.1. General -- 2.3.4.2. Electrochemistry -- 2.3.4.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 2.3.4.4. Air Access Opening: Its Seal and Diffusion Resistance -- 2.3.4.5. Batteries and Their Application -- 2.3.4.6. Prospects -- 3. Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolyte -- 3.1. Batteries with Organic Electrolyte -- 3.1.1. Manganese Dioxide-Lithium System -- 3.1.1.1. General -- 3.1.1.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.1.1.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.1.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.1.1.5. Prospects -- 3.1.2. Carbon Poly-monofluoride-Lithium System -- 3.1.2.1. General -- 3.1.2.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.1.2.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.1.2.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.1.2.5. Prospects -- 3.1.3. Iron Disulfide-Lithium Systems -- 3.1.3.1. "1.5 V" Lithium Systems -- 3.1.3.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.1.3.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.1.3.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.1.3.5. Prospects. 3.2. Batteries with Soluble Cathode -- 3.2.1. Sulfur Dioxide-Lithium System -- 3.2.1.1. General -- 3.2.1.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.2.1.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.2.1.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.2.1.5. Prospects -- 3.2.2. Thionyl Chloride-Lithium System -- 3.2.2.1. General -- 3.2.2.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.2.2.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.2.2.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.2.2.5. Prospects -- 3.3. Batteries with a Nonliquid Electrolyte -- 3.3.1. Polymer and Solid Electrolyte Systems -- 3.3.2. The LiI (Al2O3) Solid Electrolyte System -- 3.3.3. The Lithium-Iodine System -- 3.3.3.1. General -- 3.3.3.2. Electrochemistry -- 3.3.3.3. System-Immanent Properties -- 3.3.3.4. Batteries and Their Applications -- 3.3.3.5. Prospects -- 4. Reserve Batteries -- 4.1. Principles -- 4.1.1. SystemActivationwithLiquidElectrolyte -- 4.1.1.1. Water-Activated Batteries -- 4.1.1.2. KOH Activated Batteries -- 4.1.1.3. Ampoule-Type Batteries -- 4.1.1.4. Battery Activation by Ammonia -- 4.1.2. Thermal Batteries -- 4.1.2.1. General -- 4.1.2.2. Systems -- 4.1.2.3. Pyrotechnic Heat Sources -- 4.1.2.4. Battery Construction -- 4.1.2.5. Batteries -- 4.2. Prospects -- References -- Further Reading -- Batteries, 3. Secondary Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte -- 2.1. Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.1.1. Charge/Discharge Reactions -- 2.1.2. Secondary Reactions -- 2.1.3. Self-Discharge -- 2.1.4. Heat Effects -- 2.1.5. Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries -- 2.1.6. Discharge Performance -- 2.1.7. Charge Performance -- 2.1.8. Technical Design and Manufacturing -- 2.1.9. Lead Alloys -- 2.1.10. Separators -- 2.1.11. Container Material, Post Seals -- 2.1.12. Vents, Valves -- 2.1.13. Water Refilling Systems, Forced Acid Agitation -- 2.1.14. Catalytic Gas Recombination -- 2.2. Batteries with Alkaline Electrolyte. 2.2.1. Nickel-Cadmium Batteries -- 2.2.1.1. Thermodynamic Situation -- 2.2.1.2. Charge/Discharge Reactions -- 2.2.1.3. Equilibrium or Open-Circuit Voltage -- 2.2.1.4. Reversible Heat Effect, Calorific Voltage -- 2.2.1.5. Heat Capacity (Specific Heat Content) -- 2.2.1.6. Heat Effects -- 2.2.1.7. Self-Discharge -- 2.2.1.8. Types of Electrodes -- 2.2.1.9. Cell Design -- 2.2.1.10. Cell Assemblies, Power Packs -- 2.2.1.11. Valve Design -- 2.2.1.12. Controlled Charging -- 2.2.2. Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries -- 2.2.3. Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 2.2.3.1. Thermodynamic Parameters -- 2.2.3.2. Hydrogen-Absorbing Alloys -- 2.2.3.3. Design -- 2.2.4. Nickel-Iron Batteries -- 2.2.5. Nickel-Zinc Batteries -- 2.2.6. Silver Oxide-Zinc Batteries (cf.! Batteries, 2. Primary Batteries, Section 2.3.2 Silver Oxide-Zinc System) -- 2.3. Rechargeable Batteries of Particular Design -- 2.3.1. The Chlorine-Zinc Battery -- 2.3.2. The Bromine-Zinc Battery -- 2.3.3. The Vanadium Redox Battery -- 2.3.4. Rechargeable Air-Zinc Batteries -- 3. Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolyte -- 3.1. Rechargeable Lithium Batteries -- 3.1.1. Button or Coin Cells -- 3.1.2. Lithium Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes -- 3.1.3. Batteries with Glassy Electrolytes -- 3.1.4. Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 3.1.4.1. Lithium-Carbon Electrodes (Lithiated Carbons) -- 3.1.4.2. Negative Electrodes Based on Alloys -- 3.1.4.3. Active Materials in the Positive Electrode (Cathode) -- 3.1.4.4. Electrolytes -- 3.1.4.5. Separators -- 3.1.4.6. Lithium-Ion Polymer Batteries -- 3.1.4.7. Practical Batteries -- 3.2. High-Temperature Batteries -- 3.2.1. Iron Sulfide-Lithium Batteries -- 3.2.2. Sodium-Sulfur Batteries -- 3.2.3. Nickel Chloride-Sodium (ZEBRA) Batteries -- References -- Further Reading -- Batteries, 4. Standards -- 1. General -- 2. National Standards -- 3. International Standards. 3.1. Technical Committees and how they operate -- 3.2. TC21, SC21A, TC35, and Their Standards -- 3.3. TC21, SC21A, and TC35: Harmonization of Standards -- 3.3.1. IEC Vocabulary on Batteries -- 3.3.2. Harmonization of the Nomenclature Systems -- 3.3.3. Designation of Batteries, Present Status -- 3.3.4. IEC Nomenclature Systems for Batteries -- 3.4. Closing Remark -- 4. Annex 1: IEC Standards on Batteries -- 5. Annex 2: Designations by Manufacturers (Table 1) -- 6. Annex 3, Examples of IEC Nomenclature Systems for Batteries -- 7. Annex 4, Denoting Electrochemical Systems -- References -- Further Reading -- Batteries, 5. Disposal and Environmental Protection -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Programs to Collect Disposed Batteries -- 2.1. The ISO Recycling Sign -- 2.2. Sorting of the Collected Batteries -- 3. Recycling of Batteries -- 3.1. Recycling of Lead-Acid Batteries -- 3.2. Recycling of Nickel-Cadmium Batteries -- 3.3. Recycling of Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 3.4. Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 3.5. Recycling of Primary Batteries -- 3.5.1. Recycling of Mercury-Containing Batteries -- 3.5.2. Recycling of Mercury-Free Batteries -- References -- Further Reading -- Biogas -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Biogas -- 3. Biological Methanogenesis -- 4. Technical Application of Anaerobic Digestion -- 5. Feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion -- 6. Process Parameters for Stable, Efficient Operation -- 7. Environmental Impact of AD -- 8. Storage, Pretreatment, Upgrading, and Uses of Biogas -- References -- Further Reading -- Coal -- 1. Coal Petrology -- 1.1. Coal Characterization -- 1.2. The Maceral Concept -- 1.3. Maceral Types and Properties -- 2. Coalification -- 3. Occurrence -- 3.1. Coal Seam Occurrence -- 3.2. Coal Seam Structures -- 3.3. Coal Seam Distribution -- 4. Classification -- 5. Chemical Structure of Coal.

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