لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: Traffic Engineering
نویسنده: Roger P Roess; Elena S Prassas; William R McShane
ناشر: Pearson; 5 edition (April 12, 2018)
زبان: English
شابک: 9780134599717
حجم: 60 Mb
فرمت: Epub + Converted pdf

Traffic Engineering Contents Preface What’s New in This Edition Part I Basic Concepts and Characteristics Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Traffic Engineering as a Profession 1.1.1 Safety: The Primary Objective 1.1.2 Other Objectives 1.1.3 Responsibility, Ethics, and Liability in Traffic Engineering 1.2 Transportation Systems and Their Function 1.2.1 The Nature of Transportation Demand 1.2.2 Concepts of Mobility and Accessibility 1.2.3 People, Goods, and Vehicles 1.2.4 Transportation Modes 1.3 History of U.S. Highway Legislation 1.3.1 The National Pike and the States’ Rights Issue 1.3.2 Key Legislative Milestones Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1916 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1934 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1983 ISTEA and TEA-21 SAFETY-LU MAP-21 1.3.3 The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways The System Concept System Characteristics Status and Costs 1.4 Elements of Traffic Engineering 1.5 Modern Problems for the Traffic Engineer 1.6 Standard References for the Traffic Engineer 1.7 Metric versus U.S. Units 1.8 Closing Comments References Chapter 2 Transportation Modes and Characteristics 2.1 Classifying Transportation Modes 2.2 The Transportation Infrastructure and Its Use 2.3 Modal Attributes 2.4 The Capacity of Transportation Modes 2.5 Multimodal Focus References Problems Chapter 3 Road-User, Vehicle, and Roadway Characteristics 3.1 Dealing with Diversity 3.2 Road Users and Their Characteristics 3.2.1 Visual Characteristics of Drivers Fields of Vision Important Visual Deficits 3.2.2 Perception–Reaction Time Design Values Expectancy Other Factors Affecting PRT Reaction Distance 3.2.3 Pedestrian Characteristics Walking Speeds Gap Acceptance Pedestrian Comprehension of Controls 3.2.4 Impacts of Drugs and Alcohol on Road Users 3.2.5 Impacts of Aging on Road Users 3.2.6 Psychological, Personality, and Related Factors 3.3 Vehicle Characteristics 3.3.1 Concept of the Design Vehicle 3.3.2 Turning Characteristics of Vehicles Low-Speed Turns High-Speed Turns 3.3.3 Braking Characteristics 3.3.4 Acceleration Characteristics 3.3.5 Total Stopping Distance and Applications Safe Stopping Sight Distance Decision Sight Distance Other Sight Distance Applications Change (Yellow) and Clearance (All-Red) Intervals for a Traffic Signal 3.4 Roadway Characteristics 3.4.1 Highway Functions and Classification Trip Functions Highway Classification 3.4.2 Preserving the Function of a Facility 3.5 Traffic Control Systems and Characteristics 3.6 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 4 Communicating with Drivers: Traffic Control Devices 4.1 The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 4.1.1 History and Background 4.1.2 General Principles of the MUTCD 4.1.3 Contents of the MUTCD 4.1.4 Legal Aspects of the MUTCD 4.1.5 Communicating with the Driver 4.2 Traffic Markings 4.2.1 Colors and Patterns 4.2.2 Longitudinal Markings Centerlines Lane Markings Edge Markings Other Longitudinal Markings 4.2.3 Transverse Markings STOP and YIELD Lines Crosswalk Markings Parking Space Markings Word and Symbol Markings Other Transverse Markings 4.2.4 Object Markers 4.2.5 Delineators 4.3 Traffic Signs 4.3.1 Regulatory Signs Regulatory Signs Affecting Right-of-Way Speed Limit Signs Turn and Movement Prohibition Signs Lane-Use Signs Parking Control Signs Other Regulatory Signs 4.3.2 Warning Signs 4.3.3 Guide Signs Route Markers Destination Signs—Conventional Roads Destination Signs—Freeways and Expressways Service Guide Signs Recreational and Cultural-Interest Guide Signs Mileposts 4.4 Traffic Signals 4.4.1 Traffic Control Signals Signal Warrants Signal Indications Signal Faces and Visibility Requirements Operational Restrictions 4.4.2 Pedestrian Signals 4.4.3 Other Traffic Signals 4.4.4 Traffic Signal Controllers 4.5 Special Types of Control 4.6 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 5 Traffic Stream Characteristics 5.1 Types of Facilities 5.2 Traffic Stream Parameters 5.2.1 Volume and Rate of Flow Daily Volumes Hourly Volumes Subhourly Volumes and Rates of Flow 5.2.2 Speed and Travel Time 5.2.3 Density and Occupancy Density Occupancy 5.2.4 Spacing and Headway: Microscopic Parameters Spacing Headway Use of Microscopic Measures Example 5.3 Relationships among Flow Rate, Speed, and Density 5.4 A Brief History of Mathematical Models of Freeway Flow—Traffic Flow Theory 5.4.1 Historical Background 5.4.2 Deriving Speed–Flow and Density–Flow Curves from a Speed–Density Curve 5.4.3 Determining Capacity from Speed–Flow–Density Relationships 5.4.4 Modern Uninterrupted Flow Characteristics 5.4.5 Calibrating a Speed–Flow–Density Relationship 5.4.6 Curve Fitting 5.5 Characteristics of Interrupted Flow 5.6 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 6 The Concepts of Demand, Volume, and Capacity 6.1 When Capacity Constrains Demand 6.2 Relationships among Demand, Volume (or Rate of Flow), and Capacity 6.3 The Formation of Queues and Their Impacts 6.4 Bottlenecks, Hidden Bottlenecks, and Demand Starvation 6.4.1 The Hidden Bottleneck 6.4.2 Demand Starvation 6.5 Capacity versus Queue Discharge 6.6 Closing Comments Problems Chapter 7 Level of Service and the Highway Capacity Manual: History and Fundamental Concepts 7.1 Uninterrupted and Interrupted Flow Facilities 7.2 A Brief Chronology of the Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.1 The 1950 Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.2 The 1965 Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.3 The 1985 Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.4 The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.5 The 2010 Highway Capacity Manual 7.2.6 The 2016 Highway Capacity Manual 7.3 The Concept of Capacity 7.3.1 Capacity of Uninterrupted Flow Facilities 7.3.2 Capacity of Interrupted Flow Facilities 7.4 The Concept of Level of Service 7.4.1 In the Beginning: The 1950HCM 7.4.2 Level of Service Concept Introduced: The 1965HCM 7.4.3 LOS Develops: The 1985HCM and Its Updates 7.4.4 LOS Moves On: The 2000HCM 7.4.5 Introducing User Perception Indices: The 2010HCM 7.4.6 The 2016HCM and Beyond 7.4.7 Structural Issues with Level of Service 7.5 Service Volumes and Service Flow Rates 7.6 The v/c Ratio and Its Use in Capacity Analysis 7.7 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 8 Intelligent Transportation Systems 8.1 An Overview 8.2 ITS Standards 8.3 ITS Systems Engineering Process 8.4 ITS-Related Commercial Routing and Delivery 8.5 Sensing Traffic by Virtual and Other Detectors 8.6 Connected Vehicle Pilot Studies 8.7 Variable Pricing 8.8 Closing Comments References Problems Part II Traffic Studies and Programs Chapter 9 Traffic Data Collection and Reduction Methodologies 9.1 Sources of Data 9.1.1 Traditional Approaches 9.1.2 Changes in the Technology 9.1.3 Video-Based Measurements 9.1.4 Smartphones and Other Devices 9.1.5 Existing Data 9.1.6 Perspective 9.2 The Connected Vehicle 9.3 Applications of Traffic Data 9.4 Types of Studies 9.5 Manual Data Collection Methodologies 9.5.1 Traffic Counting Applications 9.5.2 Speed Study Applications 9.5.3 Other Manual Study Applications 9.5.4 Staffing and Workforce Considerations 9.6 Semi-Automated Studies Using Pneumatic Road Tubes and Similar Devices 9.7 Permanent Detectors and Their Use 9.8 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 10 Traffic Volume Studies and Characteristics 10.1 Volume Characteristics 10.1.1 Hourly Traffic Variation Patterns: The Phenomenon of the Peak Hour 10.1.2 Subhourly Variation Patterns: Flow Rates versus Volumes 10.1.3 Daily Variation Patterns 10.1.4 Monthly or Seasonal Variation Patterns 10.1.5 Some Final Thoughts on Volume Variation Patterns 10.2 Intersection Volume Studies 10.2.1 Arrival versus Departure Volumes: A Key Issue for Intersection Studies 10.2.2 Special Considerations for Signalized Intersections 10.2.3 Presentation of Intersection Volume Data 10.3 Limited Network Volume Studies 10.3.1 Control Counts 10.3.2 Coverage Counts 10.3.3 An Illustrative Study 10.3.4 Estimating Vehicle-Miles Traveled on a Network 10.3.5 Display of Network Volume Results 10.3.6 Modern Alternatives 10.4 Statewide Counting Programs 10.4.1 Sample Problems in Calibration of Daily and Monthly Variation Factors 10.4.2 Grouping Data from Control-Count Locations 10.4.3 Using the Results 10.4.4 Estimating Annual Vehicle-Miles Traveled 10.5 Specialized Counting Studies 10.5.1 Origin and Destination Counts 10.5.2 Cordon Counts 10.5.3 Screen-Line Counts 10.6 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 11 Speed, Travel Time, and Delay Studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Spot Speed Studies 11.2.1 Speed Definitions of Interest 11.2.2 Uses of Spot Speed Data 11.2.3 Collection of Spot Speed Data 11.2.4 Analysis and Presentation of Spot Speed Data Frequency Distribution Table Frequency and Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curves Common Descriptive Statistics Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode, and Pace Measures of Dispersion 11.2.5 Statistical Analysis of Spot Speed Data The Normal Distribution and Its Characteristics The Standard Normal Distribution Application: Tolerance and Confidence Intervals Application: Estimating the Sample Size Application: Before-and-After Spot Speed Studies Application: Testing for Normalcy Using the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test Applications: Other Statistical Tests 11.3 Travel-Time Studies 11.3.1 Field Study Techniques 11.3.2 Travel Time Data along an Arterial: An Example in Statistical Analysis 11.3.3 Overriding Default Values: Another Example of Statistical Analysis of Travel-Time Data 11.3.4 Travel-Time Displays 11.4 Intersection Delay Studies 11.5 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 12 Highway Traffic Safety: An Overview 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Current and Emerging Priorities 12.2.1 Crashes, Not Accidents 12.2.2 Pedestrians and Bicyclists 12.2.3 Traffic Calming 12.2.4 Distracted Driving 12.2.5 Vision Zero 12.2.6 The Connected Vehicle 12.2.7 The Driverless Vehicle 12.2.8 Smartphone Apps 12.2.9 Data-Rich Environment 12.3 The Highway Safety Manual 12.3.1 Steps for Performing an Analysis 12.3.2 System Planning 12.3.3 The HSM Predictive Method for Calculating Predicted and Expected Average Crash Frequency 12.3.4 An Overview of the HSM Models for Urban Intersections Multivehicle Collisions at a 4SG Intersection Single-Vehicle Collisions at a 4SG Intersection Vehicle–Pedestrian Crashes at 4SG Intersections Vehicle–Bicycle Collisions at 4SG Intersections Crash Modification Factors for 4SG Intersections Putting It All Together 12.3.5 The HSM Impact 12.4 Historical Crash Data and Regression to the Mean 12.5 Effective Crash Countermeasures 12.6 Approaches to Highway Safety 12.6.1 Exposure Control 12.6.2 Crash Risk Control/Crash Prevention 12.6.3 Behavior Modification 12.6.4 Injury Control 12.6.5 Postinjury Management 12.7 Commonly Used Crash Statistics and Analyses 12.7.1 Types of Statistics 12.7.2 Crash Rates Population-Based Crash Rates Exposure-Based Crash Rates Common Bases for Crash and Fatality Rates 12.7.3 Severity Index 12.7.4 Identifying High-Accident Locations 12.7.5 Before-and-After Crash Analysis 12.8 Site Analysis 12.8.1 Crash Diagrams 12.8.2 Condition Diagrams 12.8.3 Interpretation of Condition and Crash Diagrams 12.9 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 13 Parking: Characteristics, Studies, Programs, and Design 13.1 Parking Demand 13.1.1 Parking Generation 13.1.2 Shared Parking 13.1.3 Zoning Regulations 13.1.4 Handicapped Parking Requirements 13.2 Parking Studies and Characteristics 13.2.1 Proximity: How Far Will Parkers Walk? 13.2.2 Parking Inventories 13.2.3 Accumulation and Duration 13.2.4 Other Types of Parking Studies 13.3 Design Aspects of Parking Facilities 13.3.1 Construction Costs 13.3.2 Basic Parking Dimensions Parking Stall Width Parking Stall Length, Width, and Projections Aisle Width 13.3.3 Parking Modules 13.3.4 Access and Egress 13.3.5 Parking Garages 13.4 Parking Programs, Policy, and Management 13.5 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 14 Traffic Impact Studies and Analyses 14.1 Scope of This Chapter 14.2 An Overview of the Process 14.3 Tools, Methods, and Metrics 14.4 Case Study 1: Driveway Location 14.5 Case Study 2: Most Segments of a Traffic Impact Analysis 14.5.1 The Project Area and the Existing Condition 14.5.2 Proposed Use(s) of the Two Site(s) 14.5.3 Local Code and Local Ordinance Requirements 14.5.4 Other Given Conditions 14.5.5 Element 1: System Cycle 14.5.6 Element 2: The Developer’s Favorite Access Plan 14.5.7 Element 3: Existing Conditions, Capacity, and LOS Analyses 14.5.8 Element 4: Trip Generation 14.5.9 Element 5: Determine the Size of the Development, Trips Generated, and Internal Circulation 14.5.10 Element 6: Driveway Locations, Special Arterial, and Intersection Design Features 14.5.11 Element 7: Mitigation Measures 14.5.12 Element 8: Final Report and Presentation 14.6 Closing Comments References Problems Part III Interrupted Flow Facilities: Design, Control, and Level of Service Chapter 15 The Hierarchy of Intersection Control 15.1 Level I Control: Basic Rules of the Road 15.2 Level II Control: YIELD and STOP Control 15.2.1 Two-Way Stop Control 15.2.2 YIELD Control 15.2.3 Multiway Stop Control 15.3 Level III Control: Traffic Control Signals 15.3.1 Advantages of Traffic Signal Control 15.3.2 Disadvantages of Traffic Signal Control 15.3.3 Warrants for Traffic Signals Warrant 1: Eight-Hour Vehicular Volume Warrant 2: Four-Hour Vehicular Volume Warrant 3: Peak Hour Warrant 4: Pedestrians Warrant 5: School Crossing Warrant 6: Coordinated Signal System Warrant 7: Crash Experience Warrant 8: Roadway Network Warrant 9: Intersection Near a Highway-Rail Grade Crossing 15.3.4 Summary 15.4 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 16 Traffic Signal Hardware 16.1 Functional Layouts at a Signalized Intersection 16.2 Some History 16.3 Controller and Other Standards 16.4 Common Terminology 16.5 Convention for Numbering Movements and Phases 16.6 Ring-and-Barrier Diagram 16.7 Preferential Treatment 16.8 ASCT System Objectives 16.9 Sensors and Data Feeds 16.10 Traffic Signal Display Hardware 16.11 Traffic Signal Maintenance 16.12 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 17 Fundamentals of Intersection Design and Layout 17.1 Intersection Design Objectives and Considerations 17.2 A Basic Starting Point: Sizing the Intersection 17.2.1 Unsignalized Intersections 17.2.2 Signalized Intersections 17.3 Intersection Channelization 17.3.1 General Principles 17.3.2 Some Examples 17.3.3 Channelizing Right Turns 17.4 Special Situations at Intersections 17.4.1 Intersections at Skewed Angles 17.4.2 T-Intersections: Opportunities for Creativity 17.4.3 Offset Intersections 17.4.4 Special Treatments for Heavy Left-Turn Movements 17.5 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 18 Principles of Intersection Signalization 18.1 Terms and Definitions 18.1.1 Components of a Signal Cycle 18.1.2 Types of Signal Operation 18.1.3 Treatment of Left Turns and Right Turns 18.2 Discharge Headways, Saturation Flow, Lost Times, and Capacity 18.2.1 Saturation Headway and Saturation Flow Rate 18.2.2 Start-Up Lost Time 18.2.3 Clearance Lost Time 18.2.4 Total Lost Time and the Concept of Effective GREEN Time 18.2.5 Capacity of an Intersection Lane or Lane Group 18.2.6 Notable Studies on Saturation Headways, Flow Rates, and Lost Times 18.3 The Critical-Lane and Time-Budget Concepts 18.3.1 The Maximum Sum of Critical-Lane Volumes: One View of Signalized Intersection Capacity 18.3.2 Finding an Appropriate Cycle Length 18.4 The Concept of Left-Turn (and Right-Turn) Equivalency 18.5 Delay as a Measure of Effectiveness 18.5.1 Types of Delay 18.5.2 Basic Theoretical Models of Delay Components of Delay Webster’s Uniform Delay Model Modeling Random Delay Modeling Overflow Delay 18.5.3 Inconsistencies in Random and Overflow Delay 18.5.4 Delay Models in the HCM 18.5.5 Sample Problems in Delay Estimation 18.6 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 19 Fundamentals of Signal Timing and Design: Pre-timed Signals 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Development of a Signal Phase Plan 19.2.1 Provisions for Left Turns: A Determining Factor 19.2.2 General Considerations in Signal Phasing 19.2.3 Phase and Ring Diagrams 19.2.4 Common Phase Plans and Their Use Simple Two-Phase Signalization Exclusive Left-Turn Phasing Leading and Lagging Green Phases Exclusive Left-Turn Phase with Leading Green Eight-Phase Actuated Control 19.2.5 Special Cases and Phase Plans The Exclusive Pedestrian Phase Unique Geometries and Signal Phasing Right-Turn Phasing Right-Turn-on-Red 19.2.6 Summary and Conclusion 19.3 Determining Vehicular Requirements for Signal Design and Timing 19.3.1 Change and Clearance Intervals 19.3.2 Determining Lost Times 19.3.3 Determining the Sum of Critical-Lane Volumes 19.3.4 Determining the Desired Cycle Length 19.3.5 Splitting the Green 19.4 Determining Pedestrian Signal Requirements 19.5 Compound Signal Phasing 19.6 Sample Signal Timing Problems References Problems Chapter 20 Fundamentals of Signal Timing and Design: Actuated Signals 20.1 Types of Actuated Control 20.2 Detectors and Detection 20.3 Actuated Control Features and Operation 20.3.1 Actuated Controller Features 20.3.2 Actuated Controller Operation 20.4 Actuated Signal Timing and Design 20.4.1 Phase Plans 20.4.2 Minimum Green Times Point Detection Presence Detection Driver Expectation 20.4.3 Passage Time Presence Detection Point Detection 20.4.4 Detector Location 20.4.5 Yellow and All-Red Intervals 20.4.6 Maximum Green Times and the Critical Cycle 20.4.7 Pedestrian Requirements for Actuated Signals 20.4.8 Dual Entry Feature 20.4.9 Simultaneous Force-Off Feature 20.4.10 Recall Features 20.5 Sample Problems in Actuated Signal Design and Timing References Problems Chapter 21 Signal Coordination for Arterials and Networks 21.1 A Key Requirement: A Common Cycle Length 21.2 The Time-Space Diagram 21.3 Ideal Offsets 21.4 Signal Progression on One-Way Streets 21.4.1 Determining Ideal Offsets 21.4.2 Bandwidth Efficiency 21.4.3 Bandwidth Capacity 21.4.4 Potential Problems 21.4.5 The Effect of Queued Vehicles at Signals 21.5 Signal Progression for Two-Way Streets and Networks 21.5.1 Offsets on a Two-Way Street 21.5.2 Network Closure 21.5.3 Finding Compromise Solutions 21.6 Types of Progression 21.6.1 Progression Terminology 21.6.2 The Alternating Progression 21.6.3 The Double-Alternating Progression 21.6.4 The Simultaneous Progression 21.6.5 Insights Regarding the Importance of Signal Spacing and Cycle Length 21.7 Software for Signal Progression Design 21.7.1 TruTraffic 21.7.2 Synchro 21.8 Coordination of Signals for Oversaturated Networks 21.8.1 System Objectives for Oversaturated Conditions 21.8.2 Metering Plans 21.8.3 Signal Remedies Rapid Adjustment to Splits Equity Offsets Phase Reservice Imbalanced Split Pedestrian Push Buttons 21.8.4 Why Shorter Cycle Lengths are Important 21.8.5 Summary of Oversaturated Conditions References Problems Chapter 22 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis: Signalized Intersections—The HCM Method Part I Analysis of Pre-timed Signalized Intersections 22.1 Fundamental Concepts 22.1.1 The Lane Group Concept 22.1.2 The v/s Ratio as a Measure of Demand 22.1.3 Capacity and Saturation Flow Rate Concepts Saturation Flow Rates Capacity of a Lane Group The v/c Ratio 22.1.4 Level-of-Service Concepts and Criteria 22.1.5 Effective Green Time and Lost Time Concepts 22.1.6 Analysis Time Period 22.2 Model Structure for Pre-timed Signals 22.3 Computational Steps in the Model 22.3.1 Define Input Data Geometric Conditions Traffic Conditions Signalization Conditions 22.3.2 Convert Demand Volumes to Demand Flow Rates 22.3.3 Define Lane Groups 22.3.4 Assign Demand Flow Rate 22.3.5 Estimating the Saturation Flow Rate for Each Lane Group Adjustment for Lane Width Adjustment for Heavy Vehicles and Grade Adjustment for Parking Conditions Adjustment for Local Bus Blockage Adjustment for Type of Area Adjustment for Lane Utilization Adjustment for Right Turns Adjustment for Left Turns Adjustments for Pedestrian and Bicycle Interference with Turning Vehicles Adjustments for Downstream Lane Blockage and Sustained Spillback Summary and Sample Problems 22.3.6 Determine Lane Group Capacities and v/c Ratios 22.3.7 Estimating Delay and Level of Service Uniform Delay Effect of Progression The Incremental Queue Accumulation Approach for Calculating Uniform Delay, d1 Incremental Delay Initial Queue Delay Control Delay and Level of Service Movement Groups Aggregating Delay 22.3.8 Estimating Queue Service Ratio 22.4 Interpreting the Results of Signalized Intersection Analysis 22.5 Methodological Complexities 22.5.1 Modeling Delay and Capacity for Permitted Left Turns Interval 1: r Interval 2: gf Interval 3: gdiff Interval 4: gu Interval 5: “sneakers” Queue Accumulation Polygon for Permitted Left Turns Saturation Flow Rate for the Five Intervals of a Permitted Left-Turn Phase 22.5.2 Modeling Compound Phasing 22.5.3 Movements Served by More than One Lane Group Part II Analysis of Actuated Signals Part III Calibration Issues 22.6 Measuring Prevailing Saturation Flow Rates 22.7 Measuring Base Saturation Flow Rates 22.8 Measuring Start-Up Lost Time 22.9 Calibrating Adjustment Factors 22.10 Normalizing Signalized Intersection Analysis Part IV Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 23 Planning-Level Analysis of Signalized Intersections 23.1 The TRB Circular 212 Methodology 23.2 The 2016 HCM Planning Methodology 23.2.1 Part I of the Methodology 23.2.2 Part II of the Methodology 23.3 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 24 Urban Streets and Arterials: Complete Streets and Level of Service 24.1 Designing Urban Streets 24.1.1 Pedestrians 24.1.2 Bicycles 24.1.3 Transit 24.1.4 Traffic Calming 24.2 Level of Service Analysis of a Multimodal Street Segment 24.2.1 Vehicle Methodology 24.2.2 Pedestrian Methodology 24.2.3 Bicycle Methodology 24.2.4 Transit Methodology 24.2.5 Summary 24.3 Facility Level of Service Analysis 24.4 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 25 Unsignalized Intersections and Roundabouts Part I Two Way Stop-Controlled Intersections 25.1 TWSC Intersection Operation: A Fundamental Modeling Approach 25.2 Computational Steps in TWSC Intersection Analysis 25.3 Interpreting Results Part II All-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections 25.4 Computational Steps 25.5 Comment Part III Roundabouts 25.6 Types of Roundabouts and General Characteristics 25.7 Signing and Marking for Roundabouts 25.8 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis of Roundabouts 25.9 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 26 Interchanges and Alternative Intersections 26.1 Interchanges 26.1.1 Types of Interchanges 26.1.2 Interchanges with Roundabouts 26.1.3 Impacts of Interchange Type and Selection of an Appropriate Interchange 26.2 Alternative Intersections 26.2.1 Restricted Crossing U-Turn Intersections (RCUT) 26.2.2 Median U-Turn Intersections (MUT) 26.2.3 Displaced Left-Turn Intersections 26.2.4 Quadrant and Jug-Handle Intersections 26.2.5 Left-Turn Management 26.3 Level of Service Analysis 26.3.1 A Framework for Level of Service Analysis of Interchanges and Alternative Intersections 26.3.2 Extra-Distance Travel Time 26.3.3 Interchanges: Changes in Saturation Flow Rate Estimation Adjustment Factor for Traffic Pressure, fv Modification of Lane Utilization Adjustment Factors, fLU Adjustment Factor for DDIs (fDDI) Adjustment to fLT and fRT for Turning Radius at Interchanges 26.3.4 Interchanges: Other Modifications to Signalized Intersection Analysis 26.4 Closing Comments References Problems Part IV Uninterrupted Flow Facilities Design, Control, and Level of Service Chapter 27 An Overview of Geometric Design of Roadways 27.1 Introduction to Highway Design Elements 27.1.1 Horizontal Alignment 27.1.2 Vertical Alignment 27.1.3 Cross-Sectional Elements 27.1.4 Surveying and Stationing 27.2 Horizontal Alignment of Highways 27.2.1 Quantifying the Severity of Horizontal Curves: Radius and Degree of Curvature 27.2.2 Review of Trigonometric Functions 27.2.3 Critical Characteristics of Horizontal Curves 27.2.4 Superelevation of Horizontal Curves Maximum Superelevation Rates Side-Friction Factors (Coefficients of Side Friction, f) Determining Design Values of Superelevation Achieving Superelevation 27.2.5 Spiral Transition Curves 27.2.6 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves 27.2.7 Compound Horizontal Curves 27.2.8 Reverse Horizontal Curves 27.3 Vertical Alignment of Highways 27.3.1 Grades 27.3.2 Geometric Characteristics of Vertical Curves 27.3.3 Sight Distance on Vertical Curves Crest Vertical Curves Sag Vertical Curves 27.3.4 Some Design Guidelines for Vertical Curves 27.4 Cross-Sectional Elements of Highways 27.4.1 Travel Lanes and Pavement 27.4.2 Shoulders 27.4.3 Side-Slopes for Cuts and Embankments 27.4.4 Guardrail 27.5 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 28 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis: Basic Freeway and Multilane Highway Segments 28.1 Facility Types Included 28.2 Segment Types on Freeways and Some Multilane Highways 28.3 Generic Speed-Flow Characteristics on Freeways and Multilane Highways 28.4 Levels of Service for Freeways and Multilane Highways 28.5 Base Speed-Flow Curves 28.5.1 Base Equation for Speed-Flow Curves 28.5.2 Measuring or Predicting the Free-Flow Speed Estimating FFS for Freeways Estimating FFS for Multilane Highways 28.5.3 Capacity Adjustment Factors and Speed Adjustment Factors Adjustments for Inclement Weather CAF for Traffic Incidents Adjustments for a Non-Standard Driver Population Adjustments for Work Zones A Final Word on CAFs and SAFs 28.5.4 Sample Curves for a Selection of Free-Flow Speeds 28.6 Applications of Base Curves to Capacity and LOS Analysis of Freeways and Multilane Highways 28.6.1 Operational Analysis 28.6.2 Design Analysis 28.6.3 Service Flow Rate and Service Volume Analysis 28.7 The Heavy Vehicle Adjustment Factor and Related Issues 28.7.1 Passenger Car Equivalents 28.7.2 Passenger Car Equivalents for General Terrain Segments 28.7.3 Passenger Car Equivalents for Specific Grades 28.7.4 Composite Grades 28.7.5 The Heavy Vehicle Adjustment Factor (fHV) 28.8 Sample Problems 28.9 Closing Comments References Problems Chapter 29 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis: Weaving Segments on Freeways and Multilane Highways 29.1 Level of Service Criteria for Weaving Segments 29.2 Converting Demand Volumes to Flow Rates in pc/h 29.3 A Brief History of the Development of Weaving Segment Methodologies 29.4 Component Flows in a Weaving Area 29.5 Critical Geometric Variables Describing a Weaving Segment 29.5.1 Lane Configuration Numerical Characteristics of One-Sided Weaving Configurations Numerical Characteristics of Two-Sided Weaving Configurations 29.5.2 Length of the Weaving Area 29.5.3 Width of a Weaving Area 29.6 Computational Procedures for Weaving Area Analysis 29.6.1 Parameters Used in Weaving Computations 29.6.2 Volume Adjustment (Step 2) 29.6.3 Determining Configuration Characteristics (Step 3) 29.6.4 Determining the Maximum Weaving Length (Step 4) 29.6.5 Determine the Capacity of the Weaving Segment (Step 5) Capacity of a Weaving Segment Based Upon Breakdown Density Capacity of a Weaving Segment Based upon Maximum Weaving Flow Rates Final Capacity of the Weaving Segment and the v/c Ratio Final Assessment of Capacity 29.6.6 Determining Total Lane-Changing Rates within the Weaving Segment (Step 6) Total Lane-Changing Rate for Weaving Vehicles Total Lane-Changing Rate for Nonweaving Vehicles Total Lane-Changing in a Weaving Segment 29.6.7 Determining the Average Speed of Vehicles within a Weaving Segment (Step 7) Average Speed of Weaving Vehicles Average Speed of Nonweaving Vehicles Average Speed of All Vehicles 29.6.8 Determining Density and Level of Service in a Weaving Segment (Step 8) 29.7 Sample Problems in Weaving Segment Analysis References Problems Chapter 30 Capacity and Level of Service Analysis: Merge and Diverge Segments on Freeways and Multilane Highways 30.1 Level-of-Service Criteria 30.2 Converting Demand Volumes 30.3 Fundamental Variables Involved in Merge and Diverge Segment Analysis 30.4 Computational Procedures for Merge and Diverge Segments 30.4.1 Estimating Demand Flow Rates in Lanes 1 and 2 (Step 2) Basic Algorithms Determining Values of PFM and PFD The Equivalence Distance on Six-Lane Freeways Computing v12 Immediately Upstream of a Subject Ramp Checking the “Reasonableness” of Results 30.4.2 Estimating the Capacity of the Merge or Diverge Segment (Step 3) 30.4.3 Determining Density and Level of Service in the Ramp Influence Area (Step 4) 30.4.4 Determining Expected Speed Measures (Step 5) 30.4.5 Final Comments on the Base Procedure 30.5 Special Cases in Merge and Diverge Analysis 30.5.1 Two-Lane On-Ramps 30.5.2 Two-Lane Off-Ramps 30.5.3 On- and Off-Ramps on Five-Lane Freeway Segments (One Direction) 30.5.4 Left-Hand On- and Off-Ramps 30.5.5 Lane Additions and Lane Drops 30.5.6 Major Merge and Diverge Areas 30.6 Closing Comments 30.7 Sample Problems in Merging and Diverging Analysis References Problems Chapter 31 Operation and Analysis of Freeways and Highways 31.1 Traffic Markings on Freeways and Rural Highways 31.1.1 Freeway Mainline Markings 31.1.2 Rural Highway Markings Centerlines Edge Markings Centerline Markings to Control Passing on Two-Lane Rural Highways Special Markings for Three-Lane Highways 31.1.3 Ramp Junction Markings 31.2 Signing for Freeways and Rural Highways 31.2.1 Reference Location Posts 31.2.2 Route Numbering Systems and Route Signs 31.2.3 Interchange Numbering Systems 31.2.4 Route Sign Assemblies 31.2.5 Freeway and Expressway Guide Signing 31.2.6 Guide Signs for Conventional Roads 31.2.7 Warning Signs on Rural Highways 31.3 Establishing and Posting of Speed Limits on Rural Roads 31.4 Managed Lanes on Freeways 31.5 Active Transportation and Demand Management Strategies 31.6 Analysis of Freeway Facilities References Problems Index

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