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Ebook details:
عنوان: Kirk's Fire Investigation (8th Edition) (Brady Fire)
نویسنده: David J. Icove Ph.D. PE, Gerald A. Haynes
ناشر: Pearson; 8 edition (September 17, 2017)
زبان: English
شابک: 9780134237923, 978-0134237923
حجم: 352 Mb
فرمت: Image Pdf

Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface to the Eighth Edition Acknowledgments About the Authors Course Description Chapter 1 Principles of Fire Investigation 1.1 Fire Investigation 1.2 The Fire Problem 1.2.1 Fire Statistics in the United States 1.2.2 Fire Statistics in the United Kingdom 1.2.3 Role of the Fire Investigator in Accurately Reporting the Causes of Fires 1.3 The Detection of Incendiary Fires 1.3.1 Reporting Arson as a Crime 1.3.2 Problems Associated with Estimating Incendiary Fires 1.4 The Need for Science in Fire Investigations 1.4.1 International Conference on Fire Research for Fire Investigation 1.4.2 National Research Council Report 1.4.3 The NFPA 1033’s “Big Sixteen” 1.4.4 The Neglected 17th Area of Fire Investigation 1.5 The Scientific Approach to Fire Investigation 1.5.1 The Scientific Method 1.5.2 Levels of Certainty 1.5.3 The Working Hypothesis 1.5.4 Testing the Working Hypothesis 1.5.5 Benefits of Using the Scientific Method 1.5.6 Alternatives to the Scientific Method 1.5.7 Legal Opinions Regarding Science in Investigation 1.6 Foundations of Expert Testimony 1.6.1 Federal Rules of Evidence 1.6.2 Sources of Information for Expert Testimony 1.6.3 Disclosure of Expert Testimony 1.6.4 Daubert Criteria 1.6.5 Frye Standard 1.7 Impact of NFPA 921 on Science-Based Expert Testimony 1.7.1 References to NFPA 921 1.7.2 Investigative Protocols 1.7.3 Case Examples of the Use of Guidelines and Peer-Reviewed Citations 1.7.4 Peer Review of Theory 1.7.5 Methodology Needed 1.7.6 Methodological Explanations for Burn Patterns 1.7.7 Methodology and Qualifications 1.7.8 Authoritative Scientific Testing 1.7.9 Peer Review and Publications 1.7.10 Negative Corpus 1.7.11 Error Rates, Professional Standards, and Acceptability Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Legal References Chapter 2 The Basic Science and Dynamics of Fire Part 1: Basic Fire Science 2.1 Elements, Atoms, and Compounds 2.2 The Oxidation Reaction 2.3 Carbon Compounds 2.4 Organic Compounds 2.5 Hydrocarbons 2.6 Petroleum Products 2.6.1 Petroleum Distillates 2.6.2 Nondistillates 2.7 Carbohydrates 2.8 State of the Fuel 2.9 Solid Fuels 2.9.1 Pyrolysis 2.9.2 Combustion Properties of Wood 2.9.3 Wood Products 2.9.4 Paper 2.9.5 Plastics 2.9.6 Changes in Materials 2.9.7 Metals 2.9.8 Coal 2.9.9 Combustion of Solid Fuels 2.10 Liquid and Gaseous Fuels 2.10.1 Physical Properties of Fuels 2.10.2 Hydrocarbon Fuels 2.10.3 Combustion of Liquid Fuels 2.10.4 Nonhydrocarbon Liquid Fuels 2.10.5 Alternative Fuels or Biofuels 2.10.6 Fuel Gas Sources 2.10.7 LP Gas Part 2: Basic Fire Dynamics 2.11 Basic Fire Dynamics 2.11.1 Basic Units of Measurement 2.11.2 The Science of Fire 2.11.3 Heat Transfer 2.11.4 Heat Release Rate 2.11.5 Fire Development 2.11.6 Enclosure Fires 2.11.7 Other Enclosure Fire Events Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Legal Reference Chapter 3 Chemical Fires and Explosions 3.1 Chemical Explosions 3.1.1 Diffuse-Phase Explosions 3.1.2 Gases 3.1.3 Vapors and Vapor Density 3.1.4 Deflagrations 3.1.5 Ignition 3.2 Condensed-Phase Explosions 3.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties 3.3 Types and Characteristics of Explosives 3.3.1 Propellants or Low Explosives 3.3.2 High Explosives 3.3.3 High Explosive Categories 3.3.4 Components 3.3.5 High-Order Explosions 3.3.6 Low-Order Explosions 3.4 Mechanical Explosions 3.4.1 Acid, Gas, or Bottle Bombs 3.4.2 Bleves 3.5 Electrical Explosions 3.6 Investigation of Explosions 3.6.1 The Scene Search 3.6.2 Speed and Force of Reaction 3.6.3 Scene Evaluation and Hypothesis Formation 3.6.4 Evidence Recovery 3.6.5 Laboratory Analysis 3.6.6 Incident Analysis 3.6.7 Bomb Arson Tracking System (BATS) 3.7 Chemical Fires and Hazardous Materials 3.7.1 Introduction 3.7.2 Regulations, Codes, and Standards 3.7.3 Causes of Reactive Chemical Hazards 3.7.4 Gases 3.8 Hazardous Liquids 3.8.1 Solvents 3.8.2 Petroleum Products 3.8.3 Miscellaneous Liquids 3.9 Solids 3.9.1 Incendiary Mixtures 3.9.2 Oxidizers 3.9.3 Reactive Metals 3.10 Clandestine Laboratories 3.10.1 Clandestine Drug Laboratories 3.10.2 Marijuana Cultivation 3.10.3 Clandestine Explosives Laboratories 3.11 Warning Systems 3.11.1 NFPA 704 System 3.11.2 Federal Hazardous Materials Transportation System Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Chapter 4 Sources of Ignition 4.1 Introduction to Ignition Sources 4.2 Primary Ignition Sources 4.2.1 Matches 4.2.2 Lighters 4.2.3 Torches 4.2.4 Candles 4.3 Secondary Ignition Sources 4.3.1 Sparks/Arcs 4.3.2 Objects/Hot Surfaces 4.3.3 Friction 4.3.4 Radiant Heat 4.3.5 Chemical Reaction 4.4 Utility Services and Appliances as Ignition Sources 4.4.1 Gas Appliances as Ignition Sources 4.4.2 Portable Electric Appliances 4.4.3 Kerosene Heaters 4.4.4 Stoves and Heaters 4.4.5 Oil Storage 4.5 The Role of Hot and Burning Fragments in Igniting Fires 4.5.1 Windblown Sparks 4.5.2 Fireplaces and Chimneys 4.5.3 Long-Term Heating (Low-Temperature Ignition) 4.5.4 Trash Burners and Incinerators 4.5.5 Bonfires 4.5.6 Hot Metals 4.5.7 Mechanical Sparks 4.5.8 Firearms Residues 4.5.9 Exploding Ammunition 4.5.10 Military Ammunition 4.6 Smoking as a Fire Origin 4.6.1 Cigarettes 4.6.2 Bedding and Furnishings 4.6.3 Cigarettes and Flammable Liquids and Gases 4.6.4 Pipes and Cigars 4.6.5 Plantings 4.7 Spontaneous Combustion (Self-Heating) 4.7.1 Characteristics of Self-Heating 4.7.2 Self-Heating Oils 4.7.3 Self-Heating of Vegetation 4.7.4 Other Materials Subject to Self-Heating 4.7.5 Implications for the Fire Investigator 4.8 Other Sources of Ignition 4.8.1 Lightning 4.8.2 Lightning and Trees 4.8.3 Ignition by Electric Lighting 4.8.4 Ignition from Discarded Batteries 4.8.5 Animal Interaction with Sources of Ignition 4.9 Assessing Ignition Sources at the Fire Scene: The Ignition Matrix™ Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Chapter 5 Fire Scene Examination 5.1 Investigative Information During Suppression 5.1.1 Responsibility of the Firefighters 5.1.2 Minimizing Post-fire Damage 5.2 The Investigation 5.2.1 During the Fire 5.2.2 Immediately after the Fire Is Extinguished 5.2.3 During the Clearing of the Scene 5.2.4 After Cleanup 5.3 Fire Plumes 5.3.1 Fire Plume Damage Correlations 5.3.2 Axisymmetric Plumes 5.3.3 Window Plumes 5.3.4 Balcony Plumes 5.3.5 Line Plumes 5.3.6 Axisymmetric Fire Plume Calculations 5.4 Fire Patterns and Analysis 5.4.1 Typology 5.4.2 V Patterns 5.4.3 Hourglass Patterns 5.4.4 Demarcations 5.4.5 Surface Effects 5.4.6 Penetrations 5.4.7 Loss of Material 5.4.8 Victim Injuries 5.5 Interpreting Fire Plume Behavior 5.5.1 Fire Vectoring 5.5.2 Virtual Origin 5.5.3 Tracing the Fire 5.6 Fire Burn Pattern Tests 5.6.1 Fire Testing Goals 5.6.2 Virtual Origin 5.6.3 Flame Height 5.6.4 Fire Duration 5.6.5 Regression Rates 5.6.6 NIJ-Funded Research 5.6.7 Adjustments to Fire Duration 5.6.8 Flame Height Adjustment for Fire Location 5.6.9 Pool Fires and Damage to Substrates Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Legal References Chapter 6 Fire Scene Documentation 6.1 National Protocols 6.2 Systematic Documentation 6.2.1 Exterior 6.2.2 Interior 6.2.3 Investigative 6.2.4 Panoramic Photography 6.3 Application of Criminalistics at Fire Scenes 6.3.1 Gridding 6.3.2 Documentation of Walls and Ceilings 6.3.3 Layering 6.3.4 Sieving 6.3.5 Preservation 6.3.6 Impression Evidence 6.3.7 Trace Evidence Found on Clothing and Shoes 6.3.8 Debris Containing Suspected Volatiles 6.3.9 UV Detection of Petroleum Accelerants 6.3.10 Digital Microscopes 6.3.11 Portable X-Ray Systems 6.3.12 Portable X-Ray Fluorescence 6.3.13 Infrared Video Thermal Imaging 6.3.14 MRI and CT Imaging 6.3.15 DNA Recovery 6.4 Photography 6.4.1 Documentation and Storage 6.4.2 Film Cameras and Formats 6.4.3 Digital Cameras 6.4.4 Digital Image Processing 6.4.5 High Dynamic Range Photography 6.4.6 Digital Imaging Guidelines 6.4.7 Lighting 6.4.8 Accessories 6.4.9 Measuring and Image Calibration Devices 6.4.10 Aerial Photography 6.4.11 Photogrammetry 6.4.12 Digital Scanning Cameras 6.5 Sketching 6.5.1 General Guidelines 6.5.2 GPS Mapping 6.5.3 Two- and Three-Dimensional Sketches 6.6 Establishment of Time 6.6.1 Evaporation 6.6.2 Drying 6.6.3 Cooling 6.7 Spoliation Chapter Review Summary Review Questions Suggested Classroom Exercises References Legal References Chapter 7 Fires by Property Type Part 1: General Principles 7.1 General Principles of Fire Investigation 7.1.1 General Considerations 7.1.2 Interviews with Witnesses 7.1.3 Interviews with Public Safety Officials 7.1.4 Fire Patterns 7.1.5 Tracing the Course of the Fire 7.1.6 Implications for the Fire Investigator 7.1.7 Analysis and Hypothesis Testing 7.2 General Considerations 7.2.1 Protected Areas 7.2.2 Utilities 7.2.3 Electrical Ignition Sources 7.2.4 Arc Mapping 7.2.5 Appliance Condition 7.2.6 Trash 7.2.7 Detection Systems Mapping 7.2.8 Interior Fires from Exterior Sources 7.2.9 Roof and Attic Fires 7.2.10 Timelines 7.3 Collection and Preservation of Evidence 7.3.1 Debris Suspected of Containing Volatiles 7.3.2 Other Solid Evidence 7.3.3 Liquids 7.3.4 Testing of Hands 7.3.5 Testing of Clothing 7.3.6 Chain of Evidence Part 2: Structural Fires 7.4 Examination of a Fire Scene 7.4.1 Search Patterns and Practices 7.4.2 Fire Behavior Indicators 7.4.3 Char Depth 7.4.4 Spalling 7.4.5 Glass 7.4.6 Myths and Misconceptions about Indicators 7.4.7 Arson Evidence Part 3: Wildland Fires 7.5 Wildland Fires 7.5.1 Fire Spread 7.5.2 Fuels 7.5.3 Fire Behavior 7.5.4 Determination of Origin 7.5.5 Sources of Ignition for Wildland Fires 7.5.6 Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence Part 4: Vehicle Fires 7.6 Vehicle Fires 7.6.1 Functional Elements 7.6.2 Considerations for Fire Investigation 7.6.3 Combustible Materials 7.6.4 Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 302 7.6.5 Miscellaneous Ignition Mechanisms 7.6.6 Vehicle Arson 7.6.7 Considerations for Fire Investigation 7.6.8 Protocol for Vehicle Examination 7.7 Motorhomes and Other Recreational Vehicles 7.7.1 Characteristics of Motorhomes 7.7.2 Fire Risk 7.7.3 Propane Tanks 7.7.4 Considerations for Fire Investigation Part 5: Manufactured Housing 7.8 Manufactured Housing 7.8.1 Construction and Materials 7.8.2 Considerations for Fire Investigation 7.9 Heavy Equipment Part 6: Boats and Ships 7.10 Boats and Ships 7.10.1 Ships 7.10.2 Tankers 7.10.3 Ship Construction and Firefighting Techniques 7.10.4 Motives for Vehicle and Marine Arson Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Chapter 8 Forensic Laboratory Services 8.1 Availability of Laboratory Services 8.1.1 Forensic Laboratories 8.1.2 Fire Testing Laboratories 8.1.3 The Importance of Accreditation 8.2 Identification of Volatile Accelerants 8.2.1 Gas Chromatography 8.2.2 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) 8.2.3 Sample Handling and Isolation of Volatile Residues 8.2.4 Identification of Volatile Residues 8.2.5 Interpretation of GC Results 8.3 Chemical Incendiaries 8.3.1 Improvised Mixtures 8.3.2 Laboratory Methods 8.4 Analysis of General Fire Evidence 8.4.1 Identification of Charred or Burned Materials 8.4.2 Burned Documents 8.4.3 Failure Analysis by Forensic Engineers 8.4.4 Evaluation of Appliances and Wiring 8.4.5 Forensic Evaluation of Smoke Alarms 8.4.6 Spoliation 8.5 Non–Fire-Related Physical Evidence 8.5.1 Fingerprints 8.5.2 Blood 8.5.3 Impression Evidence 8.5.4 Physical Matches 8.5.5 Trace Evidence Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Chapter 9 Fire Modeling 9.1 History of Fire Modeling 9.2 Fire Models 9.2.1 Spreadsheets Models 9.2.2 Zone Models 9.2.3 Field Models 9.3 CFAST Overview 9.3.1 Fire Plumes and Layers 9.3.2 Heat Transfer 9.3.3 Limitations 9.4 CFD Technology–Based Models 9.4.1 Fire Dynamics Simulator 9.4.2 FM Global CFD Fire Modeling 9.4.3 FLACS CFD Model 9.5 Impact of Guidelines and Standards on Fire Models 9.5.1 ASTM Guidelines and Standards 9.5.2 SFPE Guidelines and Standards 9.5.3 NFPA 921 Guidelines on the Use of Fire Models 9.6 Verification and Validation 9.6.1 Impact of Verification and Validation Studies 9.6.2 The Dalmarnock Tests 9.7 Historical Fire Modeling Case Studies 9.7.1 UK Fire Research Station 9.7.2 Dupont Plaza Hotel and Casino Fire 9.7.3 King’s Cross Underground Station Fire 9.7.4 First Interstate Bank Building Fire 9.7.5 Hillhaven Nursing Home Fire 9.7.6 Pulaski Building Fire 9.7.7 Happyland Social Club Fire 9.7.8 62 Watts Street Fire 9.7.9 Cherry Road Fire Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Legal References Chapter 10 Fire Testing 10.1 ASTM and CFR Flammability Tests 10.1.1 ASTM Test Methods for Other Materials 10.1.2 Flash and Fire Points of Liquids 10.1.3 Calorimetry 10.1.4 Test Methods 10.1.5 Cigarette Ignition of Upholstered Furniture 10.2 Physical Tests 10.2.1 Scale Models 10.2.2 Fluid Tanks 10.2.3 Field Tests 10.2.4 Full-Scale Fire Tests 10.2.5 Full-Scale Fire Tests Cubicle Construction 10.3 Types of Fabrics 10.3.1 Natural Fibers 10.3.2 Petroleum-based Synthetic Fibers 10.3.3 Non–petroleum-based Synthetic Fibers 10.4 Fire Hazards 10.4.1 Clothing Design 10.4.2 Weave and Finish 10.4.3 Fiber 10.5 Regulation of Flammable Fabrics 10.5.1 Overview of Federal Jurisdiction 10.5.2 Clothing Flammability 10.5.3 Flammability of Carpets and Rugs 10.5.4 Flammability of Children’s Sleepwear 10.5.5 Mattress Flammability 10.6 Upholstered Furniture 10.7 Flammability Tests for Federal Regulations 10.7.1 Flammability of Clothing Textiles (Title 16 CFR 1610—U.S.) 10.7.2 Flammability of Vinyl Plastic Film (Title 16 CFR 1611—U.S.) 10.7.3 Flammability of Carpets and Rugs [Title 16 CFR 1630—U.S. (Large Carpets) and CFR 1631—U.S 10.7.4 Flammability of Mattresses and Pads (Title 16 CFR 1632—U.S.) 10.7.5 Flammability of Mattresses and Box Springs (Title 16 CFR 1633—U.S.) 10.7.6 Flammability of Children’s Sleepwear (Title 16 CFR 1615 and 1616—U.S.) 10.8 Considerations for Fire Investigators Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Chapter 11 Arson Crime Scene Analysis 11.1 Arson as a Crime 11.1.1 Developing the Working Hypothesis 11.1.2 Multiple Fires 11.2 Classification of Motive 11.2.1 Classification 11.2.2 Offender-Based Motive Classification 11.3 Vandalism-Motivated Arson 11.4 Excitement-Motivated Arson 11.5 Revenge-Motivated Arson 11.6 Crime Concealment–Motivated Arson 11.7 Profit-Motivated Arson 11.8 Extremist-Motivated Arson 11.9 Other Motive-Related Considerations 11.9.1 Pyromania 11.9.2 Mixed Motives 11.9.3 Faked Deaths by Fire 11.9.4 Filicide 11.10 Geography of Serial Arson 11.10.1 Transition Zones 11.10.2 Centrography 11.10.3 Spatial and Temporal Trends Chapter Review Summary Review Questions Suggested Readings References Legal References Chapter 12 Fire Deaths and Injuries 12.1 The Team Effort 12.1.1 Species of Remains 12.1.2 Identity of the Victim 12.1.3 Cause of Death 12.1.4 Manner of Death 12.1.5 Victim Status at Time of Death 12.1.6 Death Due to Fire versus Death Associated with Fire 12.1.7 Problems and Pitfalls 12.2 Tenability: What Kills People in Fires? 12.3 Toxic Gases 12.3.1 Carbon Monoxide 12.3.2 Predicting the Time to Incapacitation by Carbon Monoxide 12.3.3 Hydrogen Cyanide 12.3.4 Predicting the Time to Incapacitation by Hydrogen Cyanide 12.3.5 Incapacitation by Low Oxygen Levels 12.3.6 Predicting the Time to Incapacitation by Carbon Dioxide 12.4 Heat 12.4.1 Predicting the Time to Incapacitation by Heat 12.4.2 Inhalation of Hot Gases 12.4.3 Effects of Heat and Flame 12.4.4 Flames (Incineration) 12.4.5 Burns 12.4.6 Blunt Force Trauma 12.5 Visibility 12.5.1 Optical Density 12.5.2 Fractional Equivalent Concentrations of Smoke 12.5.3 Walking Speed 12.5.4 Wayfinding 12.5.5 Smoke 12.6 Scene Investigation 12.6.1 Postmortem Destruction 12.6.2 Interval Between Fire and Death 12.6.3 Postmortem Tests Desirable in Fire Death Cases Chapter Review Summary Review Questions References Appendix A Conversion of Units Appendix B Mathematics Refresher Logarithms Dimensional Analysis Appendix C Selected Material Properties Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z

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