لایب سان

Bibliography......Page 0 Preface......Page 4 1076_fm_2.pdf......Page 7 Preface......Page 10 Table of Contents......Page 13 Part I. Introduction to Carpet Fiber......Page 21 1. Fiber Theory and Formation......Page 22 1.1 Fiber Classification......Page 23 1.2 Fiber Properties......Page 24 1.2.1 Primary Properties......Page 25 1.2.2 Secondary Properties......Page 26 1.2.3 Primary Fiber Properties from an Engineering Perspective......Page 29 1.3.1 Polymer Formation......Page 30 1.3.2 Fiber Spinning......Page 32 1.3.3 Fiber Drawing and Morphology......Page 35 1.3.4 Bulking and Texturizing......Page 37 1.3.5 Staple Formation......Page 39 1.4 Structure-Property Relationships......Page 40 2.1.1 Microscopic Identification......Page 41 2.1.5 Staining......Page 42 2.2.2 Elemental and End-Group Analysis......Page 43 2.2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 44 2.2.7 Thermal Analysis......Page 45 2.2.9 Mechanical and Tensile Property Measurements......Page 46 2.2.11 Environmental Properties......Page 47 2.2.12 Chemical Properties......Page 48 2.3.1 Characteristics Related to Identity, Aesthetics, and Comfort......Page 49 2.3.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Response of Fiber to Its Environmental Surroundings......Page 51 3.1 Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 Fibers......Page 53 3.1.1 Structural Properties......Page 54 3.1.2 Effect of Single-Step versus Two-Step Production of Nylon......Page 55 3.1.3 Physical Properties......Page 56 3.1.5 Nylon End-Use Properties......Page 57 3.2.1 Structural Properties......Page 58 3.2.4 Polyester End-Use Properties......Page 60 3.3 Acrylic Fibers......Page 61 3.3.3 Chemical Properties......Page 62 3.3.4 Acrylic End-Use Properties......Page 64 3.4.2 Physical Properties......Page 65 3.4.4 Modacrylic End-Use Properties......Page 67 3.5.2 Structural Properties......Page 68 3.5.3 Physical Properties......Page 69 3.5.5 Polyolefin End-Use Properties......Page 70 3.6.1 Structural Properties......Page 71 3.6.2 Physical Properties......Page 74 3.6.3 Chemical Properties......Page 75 3.6.4 Wool End-Use Properties......Page 76 Part II. Carpet Making......Page 78 4. Yarn Formation......Page 79 4.1 Woolen and Worsted Systems......Page 80 4.3 Filament Systems......Page 81 5.1 Woven......Page 82 5.1.1 Woven Primary or Secondary Backing Manufacture......Page 83 5.1.2 Textile Substrate Formation......Page 84 5.1.3 Weaving......Page 85 5.1.4 Shedding Mechanisms......Page 87 5.1.5 Fill Insertion......Page 88 5.2.1 Nonwoven Primary or Secondary Backing Formation......Page 91 5.2.2 Mechanical Bonding or Entanglement of Nonwovens......Page 93 5.2.4 Self Bonding......Page 94 5.3 Composite Formation......Page 95 5.4 New Tufting Primary Backings......Page 96 6.1.1 Primary Backings......Page 97 6.1.2 Loop Pile Created by Tufting......Page 98 6.1.4 Secondary Backing......Page 103 6.2 Finishing......Page 104 Part III. Coatings, Raw Materials, and their Processes......Page 106 7.1 Latex Compounds......Page 107 7.1.2 Surfactants......Page 110 7.2 Examples of Latex Compounds......Page 111 7.4 Effect of Denier on Tuftbind......Page 113 7.5 Flame Retardancy......Page 115 7.6 Summary......Page 116 8.1 Polyurethane Raw Materials and Basic Chemistry......Page 117 8.2 Mechanically Frothed Polyurethane......Page 118 8.3 Water-Blown Polyurethane......Page 119 9.1 Residential......Page 121 9.2 Commercial......Page 122 9.3 Foam Performance......Page 123 9.4 Cushions and Pads......Page 124 10.1 Raw Materials......Page 126 10.1.3 Plasticizer......Page 127 10.1.7 Pigments......Page 128 10.2 Troubleshooting......Page 129 10.4 Dimensional Stability......Page 132 10.5 Flexibility......Page 133 10.9 Summary......Page 134 11.1 Discussion of Hot Melts......Page 135 11.2.4 Filler......Page 137 11.3 Hot Melt Coating Process......Page 138 11.5 Examples of Hot Melt Coating Compounds......Page 140 12.1 Extrusion Coating Process......Page 142 12.3 Extruder Die......Page 143 12.4 Downstream Equipment......Page 144 12.6 Examples of Extrusion Coating Compounds......Page 145 13. Carpet Tile Coatings and Reinforcements......Page 148 13.1.3 Hot Melt......Page 149 13.3 Summary......Page 150 Part IV. Carpet Enhancers......Page 152 14.1 Use......Page 153 14.2 Bacterial Sources and Conditions Favorable To Growth......Page 154 14.3 Antimicrobial Agent Selection and Consideration......Page 155 14.5 Proof of Claims......Page 156 14.7 Types of Antimicrobial Agents......Page 157 14.8 Various Antimicrobial Treatments......Page 158 14.9 Testing......Page 160 14.11 Summary......Page 161 15.1 Color Theory......Page 162 15.1.1 The Munsell System......Page 166 15.1.2 Additive and Subtractive Systems......Page 167 15.1.3 Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage System......Page 168 15.2.1 Dyes Containing Anionic Functional Groups......Page 169 15.2.3 Special Colorant Classes......Page 172 15.2.4 Dyeing of Blends......Page 173 15.3 Application Methods and Factors Affecting Dyeing......Page 174 15.3.1 Dyeing Methods......Page 175 15.3.2 Printing Techniques......Page 176 15.3.4 Chemical Reagents......Page 179 15.4.2 Dyes for Polyamide Fibers......Page 180 15.4.4 Dyes for Acrylic Fibers......Page 181 15.4.5 Dyes for Polyolefin Fibers......Page 182 16.1 Background......Page 183 16.2 Stain Resist Chemicals for Nylon Carpet......Page 184 16.3 Technology and Chemistry......Page 185 16.4 Fluorochemicals......Page 186 16.5 Stain Resistance Technology......Page 187 16.6 Application of Stain Resist Chemicals......Page 189 16.6.2 Development of the Foam Application......Page 190 16.7.3 Use in Drying Only......Page 194 16.7.5 Exhaustion of Stain Blocker on Nylon......Page 195 16.8 Performance Testing......Page 197 Part V. Performance, Cleaning, and Recycling......Page 198 17.1 Standards And Tests......Page 199 17.2 Appearance Retention......Page 200 17.3 Flammability......Page 201 17.3.1 Pill Test......Page 203 17.3.2 Discussion of Pill Test Results......Page 204 17.3.3 Radiant Panel Test......Page 208 17.4 Sound Absorption......Page 211 17.4.2 Testing of Carpet......Page 213 17.4.3 Impact Sound Insulation......Page 214 17.5.4 Shading......Page 215 17.5.7 Delamination or Backing Separation......Page 216 17.5.10 Grinning......Page 217 18.1 Cleaning Methods and Equipment......Page 218 18.2 Removal of Stains and Cleaning Hints......Page 219 18.3.1 Common Spill Removal......Page 220 19.1 Discussion......Page 222 19.2.2 Concrete Reinforcement......Page 223 19.3 Recovery Processes......Page 224 19.4.1 Carpet Used for Energy......Page 225 19.4.2 Company Specific Examples of Recycling......Page 226 Appendix: Carpet Test Methods......Page 228 A......Page 230 C......Page 231 D......Page 232 F......Page 233 L......Page 234 P......Page 235 S......Page 236 T......Page 237 Z......Page 238 Bibliography......Page 239 A......Page 241 C......Page 242 D......Page 244 E......Page 245 F......Page 246 I......Page 248 M......Page 249 N......Page 250 P......Page 251 R......Page 253 S......Page 254 T......Page 256 W......Page 257 X......Page 258 Z......Page 259

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