Trade Facilitation in the Multilateral Trading System: Genesis, Course and Accord - Original PDF

دانلود کتاب Trade Facilitation in the Multilateral Trading System: Genesis, Course and Accord - Original PDF

Author: Hao Wu

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Negotiations on trade facilitation were concluded at the WTO 9th Ministerial Conference in 2013, and the Agreements on Trade Facilitation (TFA), therefore, became the first fully multilateral agreement in WTO history. Since then, trade facilitation has been in the limelight on the stage of the world trading system. During recent years, the TFA has been consistently on the agenda of the summits of G20, G7, and APEC. The Agreement has come into force and shall be implemented on a global scale. As a result, the WTO members shall be prepared to translate the Agreement into their domestic legislation, which will involve a series of reforms in trade laws and policies. There are extensive voices demanding a comprehensive expatiation on trade facilitation and the TFA. It is essential to systematically delve into the genesis of trade facilitation, revisit the course where the TFA came into being, and analyse the well-turned legalese of the TFA. This book meets this demand. This book is path-breaking in these aspects: it expounds on the rationales for trade facilitation and the significance of constituting an international accord on trade facilitation; it restores the one-century track of the international community’s talks on trade facilitation, from the times of the League of Nations to the WTO era; it reveals how the WTO negotiating mechanisms enabled the TFA to be nailed down, which would be enlightening for trade diplomats engaged in other WTO negotiations; and it provides an in-depth commentary on the TFA articles, which will help stakeholders more accurately understand and implement the Agreement. This book will be especially valuable for government officials and policy-makers, trade practitioners, lawyers, advisers, and scholars interested in international economic law, WTO law, international trade, international relations, and international development studies.

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he world trading system has truly delivered 1 when the ‘Bali package’ (in par- ticular the Agreement on Trade Facilitation (TFA) therein) was concluded at the ninth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2013. 2 The ‘Bali package’ comes at a time when global trade politics is not what it used to be.3 Today’s global trade politics speaks more about dealing with the ‘behind-the-border’ issues than liberalizing tariffs and quotas traditionally ‘at the border’, and in part drives countries to initiate trade talks among ‘preferred’ part- ners rather than within the whole WTO membership. 4 Given that there have been almost 350 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in force,5 the wave of region- alism, particularly the mega-regional trade initiatives around the Pacific (e.g., Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Regional Comprehensive Economic Partner- ship (RCEP)) and the Atlantic (e.g., Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partner- ship (TTIP)), is hogging the limelight. In contrast, prior to Bali, the stagnation of the Doha Round had tarnished the WTO’s fame of being the prime setting for negotiating trade rules. Indeed, many had despaired of the consensus-seeking global negotiations now and then mired in limbo; some even pessimistically con- ceived of the ‘slow but certain demise’6 of this ‘out of date’7 multilateral regime. After dragging on for more than a slumberous decade, the current round of multilateral trade negotiations, embracing the largest number of participants ever, eventually turned the corner at Bali. Though the ‘Bali package’ is often regarded as a ‘rather modest and partial’ outcome,8 it has, nonetheless, reinstated confidence in the WTO’s negotiating abilities. 9 The Agreement on Trade Facili- tation, as the centerpiece of the ‘Bali package’, thereby becomes the first fully multilateral agreement in the WTO history. In this sense, the significance of the Agreement is far beyond being only an early harvested trade deal in the suspense- ful Doha Round: it heralds that ‘the WTO is back on track’; 10 and it ‘represents rejuvenation of the multilateral trading system’, 11 which ironically should have already fallen down in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) period according to some bearish forecasts (for example, held by ‘Memorial Drive’ school in the late 1980s)12 but is firmly giving life to the very ideal of multilateralism.13 As part of the WTO rulebook, the Agreement is also epoch- making: it breaks new ground for developing country Members and least devel- oped country (LDC) Members in the way they will implement the Agreemen

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نظام تجارت جهانی واقعاً 1 را زمانی که "بسته بالی" (به ویژه توافقنامه تسهیل تجارت (TFA) در نهمین کنفرانس وزیران سازمان تجارت جهانی (WTO) در سال 2013 منعقد شد، ارائه کرد. 2 «بسته بالی» در زمانی ارائه می‌شود که سیاست تجارت جهانی مانند گذشته نیست.3 سیاست تجارت جهانی امروز بیشتر از آزادسازی تعرفه‌ها و سهمیه‌ها به‌طور سنتی در مورد مسائل «پشت مرز» صحبت می‌کند. مرزی، و تا حدی کشورها را به آغاز گفتگوهای تجاری بین شرکای «مرجح» و نه در کل عضو سازمان تجارت جهانی سوق می دهد. 4 با توجه به اینکه تقریباً 350 موافقت نامه تجارت ترجیحی (PTA) در حال اجرا بوده است، موج منطقه گرایی، به ویژه ابتکارات تجاری کلان منطقه ای در اطراف اقیانوس آرام (به عنوان مثال، مشارکت ترانس پاسیفیک (TPP)، شریک اقتصادی جامع منطقه ای - کشتی (RCEP)) و اقیانوس اطلس (به عنوان مثال، تجارت و سرمایه گذاری ترانس آتلانتیک (TTIP))، در کانون توجه قرار گرفته است. در مقابل، قبل از بالی، رکود دور دوحه، شهرت WTO را به عنوان محیط اصلی برای مذاکره قوانین تجاری مخدوش کرده بود. در واقع، بسیاری از مذاکرات جهانی اجماع‌جویانه ناامید شده بودند و اکنون در بلاتکلیفی فرو رفته‌اند. برخی حتی به طرز بدبینانه ای از «مرگ آهسته اما قطعی»6 این رژیم چندجانبه «منسوخ»7 تصور کردند. پس از به درازا کشیدن بیش از یک دهه خواب آلودگی، دور کنونی مذاکرات تجاری چندجانبه، که بیشترین تعداد شرکت کننده تا کنون را در بر گرفت، در نهایت در بالی پیچید. اگرچه «بسته بالی» اغلب به عنوان یک نتیجه «نسبتاً متوسط ​​و جزئی» در نظر گرفته می‌شود، اما با این وجود، اعتماد به توانایی‌های مذاکره سازمان تجارت جهانی را احیا کرده است. 9 موافقتنامه تسهیل تجارت، به عنوان محور اصلی «بسته بالی»، به این ترتیب اولین توافقنامه کاملاً چندجانبه در تاریخ WTO است. از این نظر، اهمیت توافق بسیار فراتر از این است که فقط یک معامله تجاری زودهنگام در دور معلق دوحه باشد: این خبر می‌دهد که «سازمان تجارت جهانی به مسیر خود بازگشته است». 10 و «نماینده جوان‌سازی سیستم تجاری چندجانبه» است، 11 که از قضا باید در دوره موافقتنامه عمومی تعرفه‌ها و تجارت (GATT) طبق برخی پیش‌بینی‌های نزولی (مثلاً توسط مدرسه «Memorial Drive» در در اواخر دهه 1980)12، اما به طور قاطعانه به ایده آل چندجانبه گرایی جان می بخشد.13 به عنوان بخشی از قوانین سازمان تجارت جهانی، این موافقتنامه همچنین دوران ساز است: این توافقنامه زمینه جدیدی را برای کشورهای در حال توسعه و کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته (LDC) ایجاد می کند. اعضا به روشی که توافقنامه

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Author(s): Hao Wu

Series: Routledge Research in International Economic Law

Publisher: Routledge, Year: 2018

ISBN: 1138605417,9781138605411

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Preface ix Introduction: time to delve into the genesis, course and accord of trade facilitation 1 1 Free trade is not for free 6 The calls for free trade 6 Free trade per se costs 9 Externality of trade costs 12 Cutting tariffs and NTMs for freer trade 15 The course of cutting tariffs 15 The course of cutting NTMs 16 2 Rise of trade facilitation 26 What after the cuts of tariffs and NTMs? 26 Rise of trade facilitation 31 Trade facilitation generates dividends 37 3 An international accord on trade facilitation? 44 Business community’s call for an international accord on trade facilitation 44 International accords on trade facilitation in history 47 A renovated accord for today? 54 Why the WTO? 55 Where is the suitable institution to administer this accord? 55 Knowing about the WTO 57 4 The long and arduous journey of trade facilitation in the WTO 63 1996 Singapore Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation kicked off 63 Contents vi Contents 1998 Trade Facilitation Symposium: a leap to the phase of analytical work 65 1998 Geneva Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation in obscurity 65 1999 Seattle Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation brushed past 67 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation vitalized 68 2003 Cancún Ministerial Conference: ‘Singapore issues’ being an issue 70 2004 July General Council: trade facilitation negotiations eventually unveiled 71 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial Conference: negotiations going on 74 2009 Geneva Ministerial Conference: Doha Round ambitions vowed again 76 2011 Geneva Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation not a low-hanging fruit 78 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference: trade facilitation negotiations sealed 79 Post-Bali Agenda: trade facilitation still on the road 80 5 Growth of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation: from a duck-yard-born egg to a swan 88 The negotiating group on trade facilitation: the hatchery 88 Groupings and conflicts 90 To negotiate vs. not to negotiate 90 Binding vs. non-binding 92 ‘Chicken’ first vs. ‘egg’ first 94 The principles for organizing and managing the negotiations 98 Single undertaking 98 Inclusiveness 99 Transparency 100 Member-driven 101 The growth of an article 102 The first generation: general ideas 102 The second generation: textual proposals 103 The third generation: draft consolidated negotiating text 105 Final text in the TFA 106 Contents vii 6 A commentary on the Agreement on Trade Facilitation 110 Structure of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation 111 A commentary on Section I 112 A commentary on Section II 159 A commentary on Section III 176 7 A symphony of trade facilitation 186 Recitals by the Annex D organizations 186 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 186 Trade Integration Mechanism (TIM) 186 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 187 Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) 187 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 188 Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) 189 Port Training Programme under TrainForTrade 189 National Trade Facilitation Bodies (NTFBs) 190 Assistance in transit 190 Business Facilitation Program 191 World Customs Organization (WCO) 192 Mercator Program 192 Revised Kyoto Convention 194 Nairobi Convention 195 Support to the WTO negotiations 197 World Bank 197 Trade Facilitation Support Program (TFSP) 198 Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) 199 Support to the WTO negotiations 199 Logistics Performance Index (LPI) 200 Trade and Transport Facilitation Audit (TTFA) 200 A symphony of trade facilitation 202 Conclusion: the road ahead of the Agreement on Trade Facilitation 213 Index 217

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