The Problem of Property Taking the Freedom of Nonowners Seriously - Original PDF

دانلود کتاب The Problem of Property Taking the Freedom of Nonowners Seriously - Original PDF

Author: Karl Widerquist

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CHAPTER 1 Introduction As I went walking, a sign stopped me. On the one side, it said “No Trespassing.” But on the other side, it didn’t say nothing. That side was made for you and me. ... This land was made for you and me. —Woody Guthrie, “This Land Is Your Land” as covered by Remember Alice?1 Any conception of a right—whether legal or natural—has to be recip- rocal in the relevant ethic respect. A nonreciprocal “right” is merely a privilege. A right of self-ownership at least prima facie passes this test. It amounts to saying accept my ownership of my body as I respect your ownership of your body. The highly unequal ownership system that prevails in external assets (i.e., property in anything outside of our living bodies) prima facie fails this test in at least two ways. First, it gives one group control over resources essential to everyone’s survival and therefore, forces the propertyless group to perform services for the property-owning group to survive. Second, it amounts to saying, “You should respect my property for I would respect yours if you had any.

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CHAPTER 2 The Problem of Property Seven stranded castaways live on an uncharted desert isle. Wealthy Mr. Howell asks working-class Gilligan to dig a hole for a barbeque pit. In doing so, Gilligan digs up a locked treasure chest. Before opening it, the two begin to dispute its ownership. Both apparently base their claims on Lockean unilateral appropriation: Gilligan mixed his labor with the chest (by cutting into the turf) and Mr. Howell mixed his servant’s labor with the chest (by asking Gilligan to cut into the turf). They ask the wise Professor to act as judge in their dispute. In an ignorable breech of disin- terest, the Professor rules that the chest belongs equally to all seven of the castaways, none of whom has special claim to the island’s resources. Strong Skipper flings a rope over a high tree branch and hoists up the chest. Before he could drop it, greedy Mr. Howell, working within the legally ascribed egalitarian property-rights regime but not wanting to miss his chance to be the sole owner of the contents of the treasure chest, offers the other six castaways a large sum of money for the exclusive right to it. They decline; he raises his offer, and keeps raising it until all six of the other castaways agree to respect his ownership of the chest. Skipper drops the chest. It breaks open, revealing only worthless cannonballs, of which, the weeping Mr. Howell is now the undisputed owner

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فصل 2 مشکل اموال هفت مرده سرگردان در یک جزیره بیابانی ناشناخته زندگی می کنند. آقای هاول ثروتمند از گیلیگان طبقه کارگر می خواهد که گودالی برای باربیکیو حفر کند. با انجام این کار، گیلیگان یک صندوق گنج قفل شده را حفر می کند. قبل از باز کردن آن، این دو شروع به اختلاف در مورد مالکیت آن می کنند. هر دو ظاهراً ادعاهای خود را بر اساس تصاحب یک طرفه لاکین استوار می‌کنند: گیلیگان کار خود را با سینه (با بریدن در چمن) و آقای هاول کار خدمتکار خود را با سینه (با درخواست از گیلیگان برای بریدن در چمن) مخلوط کرد. آنها از پروفسور دانا می خواهند که به عنوان قاضی در اختلاف آنها عمل کند. پروفسور با بی‌علاقگی نادیده‌انگیزی، حکم می‌کند که صندوقچه به طور مساوی متعلق به هر هفت غار شده است، که هیچ‌کدام از آنها ادعای خاصی نسبت به منابع جزیره ندارند. کاپیتان قوی طنابی را روی شاخه بلند درخت پرت می کند و سینه را بالا می برد. آقای هاول حریص، قبل از اینکه بتواند آن را رها کند، در رژیم حقوق مالکیت برابری طلب کار می‌کند، اما نمی‌خواهد شانس خود را برای داشتن تنها مالک محتویات صندوق گنج از دست بدهد، به شش مغروقه دیگر مبلغ هنگفتی پیشنهاد می‌کند. پول برای حق انحصاری آن. آنها افول می کنند. او پیشنهاد خود را مطرح می‌کند، و آنقدر آن را مطرح می‌کند تا زمانی که هر شش نفر دیگر غرق شده موافقت کنند که به مالکیت او بر سینه احترام بگذارند. کاپیتان سینه را رها می کند. باز می‌شود و فقط گلوله‌های توپ بی‌ارزش را نشان می‌دهد که آقای هاول که گریه می‌کند اکنون مالک بلامنازع آن است

 

ادامه ...

Karl Widerquist
Georgetown University in Qatar
Doha, Qatar
ISSN 2662-3803 ISSN 2662-3811 (electronic)
Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee
ISBN 978-3-031-21947-4 ISBN 978-3-031-21948-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21948-1
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Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Problem of Property 7 1 Assets, Property, and Ownership 10 2 Rights to Property and Right-Libertarianism 14 3 Special Rights, Legal Privileges, and Full Individual Ownership of Property 15 3 Lockean Property Theory: A Menu of Options for the Justification of Unilateral Appropriation 21 1 Appropriation in the State of Nature 22 2 Three Provisos in One 24 3 Fulfilling the Proviso 26 3.1 Must the Proviso Be Fulfilled in Resources or is Compensation Acceptable? 27 3.2 Should the Proviso Be Fulfilled in Terms of Standard-of-Living or Independent Functioning? 27 3.3 How Strong Should the Proviso Be? 28 4 Property in Civil Society 31 vii viii CONTENTS 5 A Menu of Lockean Property Theories 33 5.1 Outline 1: A Broad Outline of Lockean Theories of Property 33 5.2 Outline 2: Nozick’s Property Theory in Terms of the Lockean Outline 36 4 Lockean Appropriation Assessed 39 1 Unilateral Appropriation Diminishes Joint Claims Out of Existence 40 2 Appropriation Based on First Labor (or First Use) Has No Value Without Historical Accuracy 41 3 Original Appropriation as Metaphor 45 4 What Is Labor Supposed to Do in Appropriation Theory? 46 5 Labor Does Not Fulfill the Proviso If It Is Not Otherwise Fulfilled 47 6 The Size of Labor’s Contribution Cannot Give One Group Exclusive Claim to All the Land 49 7 Appropriation Conflicts with the Right to Unconditional Subsistence on Which It Is Based 51 8 Locke’s Consent Theory Lacks Consent 53 9 What Kind of Ownership? 55 5 Right-Libertarian Appropriation Assessed 59 1 The Weak Version of the Proviso 60 1.1 The Argument Ignores or Begs a Central Question 62 1.2 The Weak Proviso Ignores Significant Harms 64 1.3 The Weak Proviso Violates the Principle of Justice in Transfer 65 1.4 Nozick’s Proviso Gives Workers Nothing for Their Claim to the Land 66 2 Resources as Unowned 67 2.1 Equal Freedom from Prevention 68 2.2 No Ethical Distinction Between Prevention and Interference 69 3 State Appropriation of Property 71 3.1 This Story Is Not Literally True 75 3.2 Taxation Is Forced Labor 76 3.3 Queen Has Too Large a Concentration of Power 77 3.4 Conclusion 79 CONTENTS ix 4 Equal Rights Under the Law and After-The-Fact Justifications for Property 79 5 What Would Have or Could Have or Actually Did Happen? 82 6 Forget About Ancient History 83 7 Conclusion 84 6 The Approximation of a Property-Rights Accord 87 1 A Property-Rights Accord in Ideal Theory 88 1.1 Equal Division or Compensation 90 1.2 Full Collective Ownership 93 1.3 Privatization by Accord 94 2 Three Barriers to a Property-Rights Accord 98 2.1 Overlapping Generations 98 2.2 The Improbability of Unanimity 100 2.3 The Desirability of Revocability 101 3 The Approximation of a Property-Rights Accord in Non-ideal Theory 102 3.1 Inalienability of ECSO Freedom 103 3.2 ECSO Freedom Assures the Consent of Property Holders 105 3.3 No Dichotomy Between Initial Assignment of Property Rights and Subsequent Trade 106 3.4 Minimizing the Negative Impact on Those Who Are Not Party to the Agreement 108 3.5 Protection of Property Owners 110 4 A Left-Libertarian Reply? 112 5 A Right-Libertarian Reply? 118 6 Conclusion 118 7 Conclusion: The Greater of Two Goods 121 1 Freedom as the Motivation for Protection from Propertylessness 122 2 How Big? 123 3 Equality of Freedom 124 Index 125

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