لایب سان

Karl Widerquist
Georgetown University in Qatar
Doha, Qatar
ISSN 2662-3803 ISSN 2662-3811 (electronic)
Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee
ISBN 978-3-031-21947-4 ISBN 978-3-031-21948-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21948-1
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Sw

Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 The Problem of Property 7 1 Assets, Property, and Ownership 10 2 Rights to Property and Right-Libertarianism 14 3 Special Rights, Legal Privileges, and Full Individual Ownership of Property 15 3 Lockean Property Theory: A Menu of Options for the Justification of Unilateral Appropriation 21 1 Appropriation in the State of Nature 22 2 Three Provisos in One 24 3 Fulfilling the Proviso 26 3.1 Must the Proviso Be Fulfilled in Resources or is Compensation Acceptable? 27 3.2 Should the Proviso Be Fulfilled in Terms of Standard-of-Living or Independent Functioning? 27 3.3 How Strong Should the Proviso Be? 28 4 Property in Civil Society 31 vii viii CONTENTS 5 A Menu of Lockean Property Theories 33 5.1 Outline 1: A Broad Outline of Lockean Theories of Property 33 5.2 Outline 2: Nozick’s Property Theory in Terms of the Lockean Outline 36 4 Lockean Appropriation Assessed 39 1 Unilateral Appropriation Diminishes Joint Claims Out of Existence 40 2 Appropriation Based on First Labor (or First Use) Has No Value Without Historical Accuracy 41 3 Original Appropriation as Metaphor 45 4 What Is Labor Supposed to Do in Appropriation Theory? 46 5 Labor Does Not Fulfill the Proviso If It Is Not Otherwise Fulfilled 47 6 The Size of Labor’s Contribution Cannot Give One Group Exclusive Claim to All the Land 49 7 Appropriation Conflicts with the Right to Unconditional Subsistence on Which It Is Based 51 8 Locke’s Consent Theory Lacks Consent 53 9 What Kind of Ownership? 55 5 Right-Libertarian Appropriation Assessed 59 1 The Weak Version of the Proviso 60 1.1 The Argument Ignores or Begs a Central Question 62 1.2 The Weak Proviso Ignores Significant Harms 64 1.3 The Weak Proviso Violates the Principle of Justice in Transfer 65 1.4 Nozick’s Proviso Gives Workers Nothing for Their Claim to the Land 66 2 Resources as Unowned 67 2.1 Equal Freedom from Prevention 68 2.2 No Ethical Distinction Between Prevention and Interference 69 3 State Appropriation of Property 71 3.1 This Story Is Not Literally True 75 3.2 Taxation Is Forced Labor 76 3.3 Queen Has Too Large a Concentration of Power 77 3.4 Conclusion 79 CONTENTS ix 4 Equal Rights Under the Law and After-The-Fact Justifications for Property 79 5 What Would Have or Could Have or Actually Did Happen? 82 6 Forget About Ancient History 83 7 Conclusion 84 6 The Approximation of a Property-Rights Accord 87 1 A Property-Rights Accord in Ideal Theory 88 1.1 Equal Division or Compensation 90 1.2 Full Collective Ownership 93 1.3 Privatization by Accord 94 2 Three Barriers to a Property-Rights Accord 98 2.1 Overlapping Generations 98 2.2 The Improbability of Unanimity 100 2.3 The Desirability of Revocability 101 3 The Approximation of a Property-Rights Accord in Non-ideal Theory 102 3.1 Inalienability of ECSO Freedom 103 3.2 ECSO Freedom Assures the Consent of Property Holders 105 3.3 No Dichotomy Between Initial Assignment of Property Rights and Subsequent Trade 106 3.4 Minimizing the Negative Impact on Those Who Are Not Party to the Agreement 108 3.5 Protection of Property Owners 110 4 A Left-Libertarian Reply? 112 5 A Right-Libertarian Reply? 118 6 Conclusion 118 7 Conclusion: The Greater of Two Goods 121 1 Freedom as the Motivation for Protection from Propertylessness 122 2 How Big? 123 3 Equality of Freedom 124 Index 125

برای ارسال نظر لطفا وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید