لایب سان

Author(s): Bin Zhang

Publisher: Springer Singapore, Year: 2018

ISBN: 978-981-13-0652-5,978-981-13-0653-2

Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 The Non-market Economy: Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 The Transition of Non-market Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Non-market Economies in the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . 7 2 The Non-market Economy Treatment: Theoretical Perspectives . . . . 13 2.1 New Institutional Economics: Institutional Change, Institutional Conflict and Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1.1 Institutional Change and Institutional Competition . . . . . . . 14 2.1.2 Institutional Conflict and Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.1.3 Liberalism and Socialism: From Ideological Conflict to Institutional Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2 International Political Economy: International Conflict, International Cooperation and International Institution . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1 National Interest and International Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.2 International Institution and International Cooperation: Demand, Supply and Change of International Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2.3 Conflict Under Cooperation or Vice Versa: The MTS’s Strategies of Containment and Engagement Towards the NMEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.3 Political Economy of the Multilateral Trading System: Non-discrimination and Reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.1 Reciprocity and Its Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.2 Reciprocity and Non-discrimination: Supplementary or Contradictory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.3.3 Non-reciprocity and Politically Conditional MFN: Two Different Modes of Cooperation Under the MTS . . . . 56 2.4 The Non-market Economy Arrangements in the Multilateral Trading System: Connotation and Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 xv 2.4.1 The Formation of the NME Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.2 The Connotation and the Nature of the NME Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.4.3 The Evolving Path of the NME Arrangements . . . . . . . . . 69 2.5 Two-Dimensional Game: The Logic Behind the Evolution of the Non-market Economy Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3 The Origin of the Non-market Economy Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.1 The Birth of the Import Commitment Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2 The Formation and Implementation of the Antidumping Surrogate Price Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4 The Non-market Economy Treatment for Small Planned Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 4.1 The Accession of Planned Economies to the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.1.1 Yugoslavia’s Accession to the GATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.1.2 Poland’s Accession to the GATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.1.3 Romania’s Accession to the GATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.1.4 Hungary’s Accession to the GATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.1.5 Bulgaria’s Accession to the GATT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2 The GATT-Minus Provisions for the Planned Economy Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2.1 Import Commitments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 4.2.2 Quantitative Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 4.2.3 Specific Safeguard Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.2.4 Antidumping Surrogate Price Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.2.5 Periodic Review of the Accession Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 4.3 The Implementation of the GATT-Minus Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . 129 4.3.1 The Periodic Review Under the Accession Protocol . . . . . . 130 4.3.2 The Implementation of the Specific Safeguard Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 4.3.3 The Further Development of the Antidumping Surrogate Price Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 4.3.4 The NME-Related Countervailing Legislation and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 5 The Non-market Economy Treatment for Small Transition Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.1 The Adjustment of Multilateral Arrangements for the Acceded Transition-Economy Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 xvi Contents 5.1.1 The Renegotiation of the Accession Protocol with Poland, Romania, and Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 5.1.2 The Adjustment of the Relationship with Czech and Slovak Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 5.1.3 The Adjustment of the Relationship with the Republics Split from SFRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 5.2 The Adjustment of the Non-market Economy Treatment for Transition Economies in Domestic Trade Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5.2.1 The Adjustment of Non-market Economy Treatment in the U.S. Trade Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5.2.2 The Adjustment of Non-market Economy Treatment in the EU/EC Trade Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 5.2.3 The Non-market Economy Treatment in Other Members’ Trade Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 5.3 The Accession of Small Transition Economies to the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.3.1 Terms of Accession for Small Transition-Economy Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 5.3.2 The WTO-Plus Provisions for Small Transition-Economy Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 5.3.3 The WTO-Minus Provisions for Small Transition-Economy Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 6 Large Non-market Economies’ Accession to the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 6.1 China’s Accession to the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . 197 6.1.1 China’s Relations with the Multilateral Trading System Through the 1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 6.1.2 China’s Efforts to Resume Its Status as a GATT Contracting Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 6.1.3 China’s Accession to the WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.1.4 The Institutional Conflict and Adjustment During China’s Accession to the MTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.2 Russia’s Accession to the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . 212 6.2.1 A Brief Review of Russia’s Accession Process . . . . . . . . . 213 6.2.2 The Major Issues in Russia’s Accession Negotiations . . . . 219 6.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 7 China’s Non-market Economy Treatment in the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 7.1 The Non-market Economy Provisions in China’s Accession Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Contents xvii 7.1.1 WTO-Minus Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 7.1.2 WTO-Plus Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 7.2 The Implementation of the Non-market Economy Provisions . . . . 242 7.2.1 The Transitional Review Mechanism: Multilateral Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 7.2.2 The Transitional Product Specific Safeguard and the Special Safeguard on Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 7.2.3 The Price Comparison Methodology in Countervailing Duty Investigations: Bilateral Implementation . . . . . . . . . . 258 7.3 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 8 The Future of China’s Non-market Economy Treatment in the Multilateral Trading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 8.1 Market Economy Criteria and China’s Non-market Economy Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 8.2 China’s (Non-)Market Economy Treatment Under WTO Antidumping Law After 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 8.3 New Trade Rules and China’s Non-market Economy Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 xviii Contents

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