لایب سان

REFERENCES 1. Lebaron , P. C. , Wang , Z. , Pinnavaia , T. Polymer - layered silicate nanocomposites: An overview . Appl. Clay Sci. , 15 , 11 – 19 ( 1999 ). 2. Giannelis , E. P. , Krishnamooorti , R. , Manias , E. Polymer - silicate nanocomposites: Model systems for confi ned polymers and polymer brushes . Adv. Polym. Sci. , 138 , 107 – 147 ( 1999 ). 3. Kojima , Y. , Usuki , A. , Kawasumi , M. , Okada , A. , Kurauchi , T. , Kamigaito , O. Synthesis of nylon 6 - clay hybrid by montmorillonite intercalated with ε - caprolactam . J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. , 31 , 983 – 986 ( 1993 ). 4. Kojima , Y. , Usuki , A. , Kawasumi , M. , Okada , A. , Kurauchi , T. , Kamigaito , O. One - pot synthesis of nylon 6 - clay hybrid . J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. , 31 , 1755 – 1758 ( 1993 ). 5. Yano , K. , Usuki , A. , Okada , A. , Kurauchi , T. , Kamigaito , O. Synthesis and properties of polyimide - clay hybrid . J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. , 31 , 2493 – 2498 ( 1993 ). 6. Lee , D. C. , Jang , L. W. Preparation and characterization of PMMA - clay hybrid composite by emulsion polymerization . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 61 , 1117 – 1122 ( 1996 ). 7. Vaia , R. A. , Vasudevan , S. , Krawiec , W. , Scanlon , L. G. , Giannelis , E. P. New polymer electrolyte nanocomposites: Melt intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) in mica - type silicates . Adv. Mater. , 7 , 154 – 156 ( 1995 ). 8. Burnside , S. D. , Giannelis , E. P. Synthesis and properties of new poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanocomposites . Chem. Mater. , 7 , 1597 – 1600 ( 1995 ). 9. Lim , Y. T. , Park , O. O. Rheological evidence for the microstructure of intercalated polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites . Macromol. Rapid Commun. , 21 , 231 – 235 ( 2000 ). 10. Park , C. I. , Park , O. O. , Lim , J. G. , Kim , H. J. The fabrication of syndiotactic polystyrene/organophilic clay nanocomposites and their properties . Polymer , 42 , 7465 – 7475 ( 2001 ). 11. Park , C. I. , Kim , M. H. , Park , O. O. Effect of heat treatment on the microstructural change of syndiotactic polystyrene/poly(styrene - co - vinyloxazolin)/clay nanocomposite . Polymer , 45 , 1267 – 1273 ( 2004 ). 12. Lee , J. W. , Lim , Y. T. , Park , O. O. Thermal characteristics of organoclay and their effects upon the formation of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites . Polym. Bull. , 45 , 191 – 198 ( 2000 ). 13. Gilman , J. W. , Jackson , C. L. , Morgan , A. B. Jr. , Harris , R. , Manias , E. , Giannelis , E. P. , Wuthenow , M. , Hilton , D. , Phillips , S. H. Flammability properties of polymer - layered - silicate nanocomposites. Polypropylene and polystyrene nanocomposites . Chem. Mater. , 12 , 1866 – 1873 ( 2000 ). 14. Park , C. I. , Choi , W. M. , Kim , M. H. , Park , O. O. Thermal and mechanical properties of syndiotactic polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites with different microstructures . J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. , 42 , 1685 – 1693 ( 2004 ). 15. Kim , M. H. , Park , C. I. , Choi , W. M. , Lee , J. W. , Lim , J. G. , Park , O. O. , Lee , J. M. Synthesis and material properties of syndiotactic polystyrene/organophilic clay nanocomposites . J. Appl. Polym. Sci. , 92 , 2144 – 2150 ( 2004 ).16. Wang , Z. M. , Chung , T. C. , Gilman , J. W. , Manias , E. Melt - processable syndiotactic polystyrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites . J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. , 41 , 3173 – 3187 ( 2003 ). 17. Krishnamoorti , R. , Vaia , R. A. , Giannelis , E. P. Structure and dynamics of polymer - layered silicate nanocomposites . Chem. Mater. , 8 , 1728 – 1734 (

SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 4 CONTENTS......Page 10 PREFACE......Page 20 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 24 ABOUT THE EDITOR......Page 28 PART I INTRODUCTION......Page 30 1.1 Discovery of Syndiotactic Polystyrene (SPS)......Page 32 1.2 Early Years of Development (1985–1989)......Page 34 1.3 Intense Development Years (1989–1996)......Page 35 1.4 Initial Commercial Launch Stage (1996–2001)......Page 41 1.5 Years 2001–2007......Page 42 PART II PREPARATION OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 44 2.1 Introduction......Page 46 2.2.1 Metals......Page 47 2.2.2 Titanium Complexes......Page 48 2.2.3 Molecular Weight Control......Page 55 2.2.4 Supported and Heterogeneous Catalysts......Page 56 References......Page 58 3.2 MAO......Page 61 3.3 Boron Compounds......Page 65 3.4 Other Chemicals......Page 68 References......Page 69 4.2 Insertion of the Growing Polymer Chain into the Double Bond of Styrene......Page 71 4.3 Stereochemistry of the Styrene Insertion......Page 74 4.4 Effects of Hydrogenation of the Catalyst......Page 76 4.5.1 Valence of Active Sites......Page 77 4.5.2 Number of Active Sites......Page 81 4.5.3 Structure of Active Sites......Page 82 4.7 Kinetic Analysis of Styrene Polymerization......Page 83 4.8 Conclusions......Page 86 References......Page 87 5.1 Introduction......Page 89 5.2 Ethylene/Styrene Copolymers: Microstructures, Thermal Properties, and Composition Analyses......Page 90 5.3.1 Half-Titanocenes, Cp´TiX(3)......Page 93 5.3.2 Linked (Constrained Geometry Type) Half-Titanocenes......Page 94 5.3.3 Modified Half-Titanocenes, C(p´)Ti(L)X(2)......Page 100 5.3.4 Non-Cp Titanium Complexes......Page 108 5.3.5 Metallocenes......Page 112 5.3.6 Others......Page 114 5.4 Summary and Outlook......Page 115 References......Page 116 6.1 Introduction......Page 121 6.2 The Tbf Ligand......Page 123 6.3.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Tbf Lithium......Page 125 6.4.1 Synthesis of Tbf Titanium(III) Chloride Complexes......Page 127 6.4.2 Reaction of TbfTi(III)Cl(2)(THF) (VIII) with Radicals......Page 131 6.5 Tbf Titanium(IV) Derivatives......Page 134 6.5.1 Synthesis of Tbf Titanium Monophenoxide Complexes......Page 136 6.6 Dynamic and Polymerization Behavior of Tetrabenzofluorenyl Titanium Complexes......Page 146 6.6.1 Styrene Polymerization......Page 148 References......Page 149 7.1 Introduction......Page 154 7.2 Metallocene Catalysts......Page 155 7.3 Constrained Geometry Catalysts......Page 158 7.4 Half-Sandwich Catalysts......Page 159 7.5 Nonmetallocene Catalysts......Page 163 References......Page 165 8.1 Introduction......Page 169 8.2.1 Kinetic Profiles of Heterogeneous SPS Polymerization......Page 170 8.2.2 Liquid Slurry Polymerization with Heterogenized Cp*Ti(OCH(3))(3) Catalyst......Page 172 8.2.3 Modeling of Polymerization Kinetics......Page 174 8.2.4 Molecular Weight Distribution of SPS with Heterogeneous Catalysts......Page 176 8.3.1 Physical Transitions of Reaction Mixture During Polymerization......Page 178 8.3.2 Effect of Reaction Conditions on Polymer Morphology......Page 180 References......Page 182 PART III STRUCTURE AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 184 9.2 Polymorphic Behavior of SPS......Page 186 9.2.1 Crystallization from the Melt State......Page 188 9.2.2 Crystallization from the Glassy State......Page 189 9.2.3 Morphology Development in the Presence of Solvents......Page 192 9.3.1 Crystal Structure of the α Form......Page 193 9.3.2 Crystal Structure of the β Form......Page 197 9.3.3 Lamellar and Spherulitic Morphology of the Zigzag Forms......Page 199 9.4 Morphology of the Mesomorphic Phases......Page 202 9.5 Thermodynamic and Kinetics of Crystallization......Page 204 9.5.1 Thermodynamic and Kinetics of Crystallization......Page 206 9.6 Melting Behavior......Page 207 9.6.1 Equilibrium Melting Temperature of α and β Crystals......Page 209 9.6.2 Memory Effects......Page 211 9.7.1 Morphology of Injection Molded Samples......Page 212 9.7.2 Relation between Morphology Structure, Processing, and Properties......Page 213 References......Page 215 10.1 Introduction......Page 223 10.2 Co-Crystals......Page 224 10.2.1 Crystalline Structures......Page 225 10.2.2 Processing and Materials......Page 228 10.2.3 Characterization Studies......Page 231 10.2.4 Properties and Applications......Page 238 10.3 Nanoporous Crystalline Phases......Page 241 10.3.1 Crystalline Structures......Page 242 10.3.2 Processing and Materials......Page 244 10.3.3 Characterization Studies......Page 246 10.3.4 Applications......Page 248 10.4 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 253 References......Page 254 11.1 Introduction......Page 267 11.2 Theoretical Background......Page 268 11.3 Equilibrium Melting Point of SPS......Page 269 11.3.1 Evaluation of Spherulitic Growth Rate G......Page 273 11.4 Analyses of Spherulitic Growth Rate G......Page 277 11.5 Comparison Between SPS and IPS......Page 278 References......Page 279 PART IV COMMERCIAL PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 282 12.2 Monomer Purification Section......Page 284 12.4 Polymerization Section......Page 285 12.4.1 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Process......Page 286 12.4.3 Continuous Self-Cleaning Reactor Process......Page 287 12.6 Deactivating Section......Page 289 12.8 Blending Section......Page 291 12.9 Shipping Section......Page 292 References......Page 293 PART V PROPERTIES, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS OF SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENE......Page 296 13.2 Rheological Properties of SPS......Page 298 13.3.1 Thermal Properties of SPS......Page 301 13.3.2 Mechanical Properties of SPS......Page 303 13.4.1 Properties of Uniaxially Oriented SPS......Page 310 13.4.2 Properties of Biaxially Oriented SPS (BoSPS)......Page 311 13.5.1 Electrical Properties of SPS......Page 315 13.5.2 Chemical Resistance of SPS......Page 316 References......Page 318 14.1 Introduction......Page 319 14.2.1 Introduction......Page 323 14.2.2 Compounding Equipment......Page 324 14.2.3 Compounding Process Conditions......Page 325 14.3.1 Introduction......Page 327 14.3.2 General Product Design......Page 328 14.3.4 Injection Mold Design......Page 330 14.3.5 Injection Mold Melt Delivery System (Runners and Gates)......Page 331 14.3.8 Shrinkage during the Cooling Phase......Page 333 14.3.9 Injection Molding Process Set-up......Page 335 14.3.10 Injection Molding Cycle......Page 337 14.3.11 Special Injection Molding Cycles......Page 339 14.4.2 Extrusion......Page 340 14.4.3 General Extruder Design......Page 341 14.4.4 Processing Parameters......Page 342 14.5.2 Cast Film Extrusion......Page 343 14.5.3 Thermoforming......Page 344 14.6 Fiber Spinning......Page 345 References......Page 348 15.1 Introduction......Page 350 15.2 The Performance Capabilities of SPS......Page 351 15.3 Connectors for Automotive and Electronic Applications......Page 358 15.4 Electronic Components: Plated and Non-Plated......Page 359 15.5 Industrial and Appliance Components......Page 360 References......Page 366 16.2 Composition of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 367 16.3 Properties of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 368 16.3.1 Mechanical Properties of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 369 16.3.3 Moisture Absorption and Moisture Growth of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 372 16.3.4 Dimensional Stability of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 375 16.3.5 USCAR Performance of SPS/Nylon Blends......Page 376 16.4.1 SPS/Nylon Blend Under-the-hood Automotive Connectors......Page 378 16.4.2 SPS/Nylon Blend Carpet Fibers......Page 379 16.4.3 SPS/Nylon Blend Application Patents......Page 382 References......Page 384 17.1 Introduction......Page 389 17.3 Theoretical Background......Page 390 17.4 Tacticity Effect on Miscibility......Page 392 17.5 Properties of Blends of SPS and APS......Page 395 References......Page 399 18.1 Introduction......Page 400 18.2 Morphological Analyses of HISPS......Page 401 18.2.1 SAXS Profiles of HISPS in the Crystalline State......Page 403 18.2.2 Effect of Nucleators on Lamellar Orientation in HISPS......Page 404 18.3 Morphology of SPS/PPO Binary Blends......Page 405 18.3.1 Structural Analyses Using SAXS Technique......Page 406 18.3.2 Crystallization Kinetics of SPS/PPO Blends......Page 407 18.3.3 Influence of Blending PPO with Different Molecular Weights on the Morphology of HISPS......Page 409 18.4 Compatibilizer Effects......Page 411 18.4.1 Evaluation of Interaction Parameters......Page 412 18.4.2 Evaluation of Domain Size and Interfacial Thickness......Page 417 References......Page 422 PART VI POLYMERS BASED ON SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENES......Page 424 19.1 Introduction......Page 426 19.2.1 Copolymerization of Styrene and B-styrene......Page 427 19.2.2 Side-Chain Functionalized SPS Polymers......Page 431 19.2.3 SPS Graft Copolymers......Page 435 19.3 Functionalization of SPS via Borane Chain Transfer Agents......Page 438 19.3.1 SPS Containing a Terminal Functional Group......Page 439 19.3.2 SPS Block Copolymers......Page 441 References......Page 444 20.1 Introduction......Page 446 20.2 Polymer Nanocomposites and Microstructure......Page 447 20.3 Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 448 20.4 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 449 20.5 Preparation of SPS Nanocomposites......Page 450 20.5.1 Effect of Alkyl Chain Aggregation in Organoclay—Bilayer versus Monolayer Arrangement......Page 452 20.5.2 Improvement in the Thermal Stability of Organoclay......Page 453 20.6.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 454 20.6.3 Dynamic Rheological Properties......Page 455 20.7 Final Remarks......Page 456 References......Page 458 INDEX......Page 460

برای ارسال نظر لطفا وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید