Abstract This introductory chapter provides context for the content covered in the rest of the book. Background on the evolution of the book and increased social work attention to psychodrama is offered while also defining the basic concepts of sociom- etry, psychodrama, and social work with groups. The importance of considering differences between cultures, populations, and countries is highlighted, especially as it relates to scope of practice of the social work field which varies between countries. Specifics of chapter topics are overviewed with suggestions to the reader on how to approach this book. Though the book explicitly focuses on social work, many other professionals will find this publication useful including group therapists, coun- selors, psychologists, creative arts therapists, psychodramatists, community workers, supervisors, and professors.
چکیده فارسی
چکیده این فصل مقدماتی زمینه ای را برای محتوای تحت پوشش در بقیه کتاب فراهم می کند. پیشینه تکامل کتاب و افزایش توجه مددکاری اجتماعی به رواندرام ارائه شده است و در عین حال مفاهیم اساسی جامعهسنجی، رواندرام و کار اجتماعی را با گروهها تعریف میکند. اهمیت در نظر گرفتن تفاوتهای بین فرهنگها، جمعیتها و کشورها برجسته میشود، بهویژه از آنجایی که به دامنه عمل در زمینه مددکاری اجتماعی که بین کشورها متفاوت است، مربوط میشود. ویژگیهای موضوعات فصل با پیشنهاداتی به خواننده در مورد نحوه برخورد با این کتاب مرور میشود. اگرچه این کتاب به صراحت بر کار اجتماعی تمرکز دارد، بسیاری از متخصصان دیگر از جمله درمانگران گروهی، مشاوران، روانشناسان، درمانگران هنرهای خلاق، روانشناسان، کارکنان اجتماعی، سرپرستان و اساتید، این نشریه را مفید خواهند یافت.
ادامه ...
بستن ...
Abstract This introductory chapter provides context for the content covered in the rest of the book. Background on the evolution of the book and increased social work attention to psychodrama is offered while also defining the basic concepts of sociom- etry, psychodrama, and social work with groups. The importance of considering differences between cultures, populations, and countries is highlighted, especially as it relates to scope of practice of the social work field which varies between countries. Specifics of chapter topics are overviewed with suggestions to the reader on how to approach this book. Though the book explicitly focuses on social work, many other professionals will find this publication useful including group therapists, coun- selors, psychologists, creative arts therapists, psychodramatists, community workers, supervisors, and professors.
ادامه ...
بستن ...
xx Contents
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Part II An Integrated Theory and Philosophy of Social Work,
Sociometry, and Psychodrama
4 Social Work Philosophy Encounters Morenean Philosophy . . . . . . . . 55
4.1 Philosophical Underpinnings of Moreno’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Human Nature, Cosmic Man, and the Godhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 The Encounter Symbol and Autonomous Healing Center . . . . . . 59
4.4 Spontaneity–Creativity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.5 The Moment, the Situation, and the Here-and-Now . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.6 Action Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.7 Role Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8 Developmental Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.9 Biopsychosocial-Spiritual Existence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.10 Social Work Values Relationship to Moreno’s Work . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11 The Importance and Centrality of Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11.1 Dignity and Worth of Each Human Being . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.11.2 Social Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.11.3 Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.11.4 Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.11.5 Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.11.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Sociometry and Social Work Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.1 Sociometric Theory and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.2 Moreno’s Interpersonal Theory and the Encounter . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.3 The Social Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.4 Cultural Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.5 The Sociogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.5.1 Sociodynamic Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.5.2 Tele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.6 Social Networks and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.7 Organic Unity of Humankind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.8 Social Work and Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6 Psychodrama and Social Work Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.1 Healing in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.2 Catharsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.3 Surplus Reality and Concretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Contents xxi
6.4 Three Phases of a Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.4.1 The Warm-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.4.2 The Enactment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.4.3 Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.5 The Five Elements of a Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.5.1 Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.5.2 Protagonist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.5.3 Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.5.4 Auxiliary Egos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
6.5.5 The Audience or the Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.6 Morenean Philosophy and Sociometric Theory Within
Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.6.1 Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.6.2 Role Theory, Role Relations, and Role-Playing . . . . . 113
6.6.3 Theories of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.6.4 Developmental Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.7 Psychodrama and Social Work Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Part III Social Work and Moreno’s Methods Informed by
Trauma, Neuroscience, Strengths, and Research
7 Trauma, Social Work, and Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.1 Trauma-Informed Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.2 History of Trauma-Informed Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7.3 Trauma-Informed Practice Versus Trauma-Focused
Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.4 Culture, Oppression, and Social Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.5 Trauma and Social Work Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.6 Trauma-Focused Group Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
7.7 Trauma-Focused Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
7.7.1 Safety, Play, and Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.8 Therapeutic Spiral Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
7.8.1 Prescriptive Roles and Safety Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 136
7.8.2 The Triangle of Trauma Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.8.3 Transformative Roles of Post-traumatic Growth . . . . . 137
7.9 Relational Trauma Repair Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.9.1 Level 1: Sociometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.9.2 Level 2: Reconstructive Role Plays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
7.10 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
xxii Contents
8 Interpersonal Neurobiology, Social Work, Sociometry,
and Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.1 Trauma and Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.1.1 Brain Structure and Brain Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.1.2 Attachment and Brain Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.1.3 Polyvagal Theory and Danger Responses . . . . . . . . . . 148
8.1.4 Stress Regulation and the HPA Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.1.5 Experience and Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8.1.6 Dissociation, Fragmentation, and Integration . . . . . . . 150
8.2 Social Work and Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.2.1 Foundation of Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.3 Group Psychotherapy and Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.3.1 Group Holding Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.3.2 Early Childhood Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.3.3 Neural Integration Through Group
Psychotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
8.4 Sociometry, Psychodrama, and Neuroscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.4.1 Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.4.2 Healing Trauma with Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.4.3 Integration as the Key to Wellness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.4.4 Mirror Neurons—The Double, The Mirror,
and Audience Catharsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.4.5 Role-Playing and Role Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.4.6 Neurospirituality of Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
8.5 Sociometry and Interpersonal Neurobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
8.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
9 Strengths-Based and Mutual Aid Approaches in Social Work
and Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.1 Strengths-Based Social Work Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.1.1 Positive Psychology and Strengths-Based
Social Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
9.2 Strengths-Based Approach with Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.2.1 Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.2.2 Post-Traumatic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.3 Mutual Aid as a Strengths-Based Group-As-A-Whole
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
9.3.1 Mutual Aid in Social Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.3.2 Group-As-A-Whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
9.3.3 Moreno’s Sociometry as a Group-As-A-Whole
Mutual Aid Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
9.4 Strengths-Based Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9.4.1 Morenean Philosophy as Strengths-Based
Humanistic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Contents xxiii
9.4.2 Positive Psychology and Positive Psychodrama . . . . . 177
9.4.3 Therapeutic Spiral Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.4.4 Souldrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
9.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
10 Creating an Evidence Base for Social Work, Group Work,
and Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10.1 Social Work and Evidence-Based Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
10.2 Limitations and Critiques of Evidence-Based Practice . . . . . . . . 189
10.3 Group Psychotherapy Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
10.4 Humanistic-Experiential Psychotherapy Research . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
10.5 Research on Drama Therapy, Creative Arts Therapies,
and Body- and Movement-Oriented Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
10.6 Psychodrama’s Evidence Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
10.6.1 Psychodrama Research Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10.7 Moreno the Researcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
10.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Part IV Sociometry and Psychodrama in Social Group Work
11 Experiential Sociometry Practice and Safety Structures
with Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.1 Clinical Applications of Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
11.2 Dyads, Triads, and Small Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
11.3 Spectrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
11.4 Locograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11.5 Floor Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
11.6 Step-in Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
11.7 Hands-on-Shoulder Sociograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
11.8 Circle of Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
11.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
12 Warming-up, Sociometric Selection, and Therapeutic Factors . . . . . 237
12.1 The Warming-up Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
12.2 Warming-up as Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
12.3 Sociometric Selection of Topic and Protagonist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
12.4 Contracting and Initial Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
12.5 Warming-up to Therapeutic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
12.6 Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
12.6.1 Instillation of Hope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
12.6.2 Universality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
12.6.3 Imparting Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
12.6.4 Altruism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
xxiv Contents
12.6.5 The Corrective Recapitulation of the Primary
Family Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.6.6 Development of Socializing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.6.7 Imitative Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
12.6.8 Interpersonal Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
12.6.9 Group Cohesiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
12.6.10 Catharsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
12.6.11 Existential Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
12.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
13 Essentials of Psychodrama Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
13.1 Psychodramatic Techniques and Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
13.1.1 Doubling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
13.1.2 Mirroring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
13.1.3 Role Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
13.1.4 Soliloquy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
13.1.5 Initial Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
13.1.6 Scene Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
13.1.7 Self-Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
13.1.8 Spontaneous Improvisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
13.1.9 Sculpting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
13.1.10 Resistance Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
13.1.11 Games . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
13.1.12 Intermediate Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
13.1.13 Role Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
13.1.14 The Empty Chair and Multiple Empty Chairs . . . . . . . 263
13.2 Psychodrama Interventions Adapted for Teletherapy . . . . . . . . . 264
13.3 Psychodrama Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
13.3.1 The Psychodramatic Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
13.3.2 Hollander Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
13.4 Closure, De-roling, and Striking the Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
13.5 Sharing in Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
13.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
14 Advanced Psychodrama Directing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
14.1 Sociometry Within a Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
14.2 Advanced Directing of the Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
14.3 Moments of Multiple Protagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
14.4 Clinical Role Assignments and Advanced Auxiliary
Directing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
14.4.1 Projective Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
14.4.2 Prescribing Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
14.5 Trauma-Based Role Considerations for Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
14.6 De-Roling Difficult Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Contents xxv
14.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
15 Other Experiential Approaches Similar to Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . 291
15.1 Sociodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
15.2 Social Microscopy and Sociatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
15.3 Other Morenean or Psychodrama Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
15.3.1 Axiodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
15.3.2 Monodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
15.3.3 Autodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
15.3.4 Ethnodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
15.3.5 Bibliodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
15.4 Teledrama and Telemedicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
15.5 Other Approaches Similar to Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
15.5.1 Drama Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
15.5.2 Playback Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
15.5.3 Theater of the Oppressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
15.5.4 Gestalt Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
15.5.5 Internal Family Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
15.5.6 Pesso Boyden System Psychomotor Therapy . . . . . . . 303
15.5.7 Family Constellations and Systemic
Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
15.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Part V Sociometry and Psychodrama in Individual Social Work
Practice
16 Sociometric Assessment and Written Psychodramatic
Interventions in Individual Social Work Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
16.1 The Social Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
16.2 The Role Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
16.3 Timeline Assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
16.4 Psychodramatic Letter Writing and Journaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
16.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
17 Psychodrama Practice in Clinical Social Work with Individuals . . . 323
17.1 Providing Context for Psychodrama in Individual Sessions . . . . 323
17.1.1 The Therapeutic Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
17.1.2 Limitations to Individual Psychodrama Work . . . . . . . 325
17.1.3 Strengths of Individual Psychodrama Work . . . . . . . . . 327
17.2 The Double, Mirror, and Role Reversal in Individual
Psychodrama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
17.2.1 Therapist as Auxiliary Roles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
xxvi Contents
17.3 A One-To-One Psychodrama Scenes Throughout
the Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
17.3.1 Strengths-Based Scenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
17.3.2 Intrapsychic Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
17.3.3 Interpersonal Scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
17.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Part VI Sociometry and Psychodrama in Community,
Organizational, and Educational Work
18 Sociometric Social Work with Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
18.1 Moreno’s Historical Use of Sociometry with Communities . . . . 346
18.2 Community Social Work Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
18.2.1 Therapeutic Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
18.2.2 The Sanctuary Model as Trauma-Informed
Therapeutic Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
18.3 Toward a Sane, Therapeutic, and Democratic Society . . . . . . . . . 353
18.4 Experiential Sociometric Assessment of Communities . . . . . . . . 355
18.5 Spectrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
18.6 Locograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
18.7 Floor Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
18.8 Step-In Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
18.9 Hands-On-Shoulder Sociograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
18.10 Circle of Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
18.11 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
19 Sociodrama, Activism, and Role Training to Empower
Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
19.1 Theater as a Modality for Social Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
19.2 Sociodrama and Social Activism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
19.2.1 Moreno’s Search for a Leader of the New
World Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
19.2.2 Youth and Police in Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
19.2.3 Sociodramatic Dialogue Between Generations
in Baltimore City Barbershops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
19.2.4 Crisis Intervention Training for Law
Enforcement on Domestic Violence, Mental
Health, and Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
19.3 Role Training for Community Empowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
19.3.1 Know Your Rights Role Training
for Undocumented Immigrant Communities . . . . . . . . 382
19.3.2 MSW Students Responding to Racism
and Microaggressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Contents xxvii
19.3.3 Empowering Community Members to Advocate
to Funders, Politicians, and Employers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
19.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
20 Sociometry, Psychodrama, and Experiential Teaching
in Social Work Education and Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
20.1 Moreno’s Methods in US and International Academic
Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
20.1.1 Psychodrama and Drama Therapy in Academia . . . . . 395
20.1.2 Limitations to Psychodrama in the Classroom . . . . . . . 395
20.2 Experiential Teaching, Moreno’s Methods, and Social
Work Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
20.2.1 Experiential Learning and Role-Play
in the Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
20.3 Moreno’s Methods in Social Work Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
20.3.1 Importance of Psychodrama Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . 402
20.3.2 Written Sociometric and Psychodramatic Tools
in Individual Social Work Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
20.4 Experiential Sociometry in Social Work Education
and Supervision Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
20.4.1 Spectrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
20.4.2 Floor Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
20.4.3 Step-In Sociometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
20.4.4 Hands-on-Shoulder Sociograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
20.4.5 Circle of Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
20.5 Role-Play in Social Work Education and Supervision . . . . . . . . . 412
20.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
21 Conclusion—A Future Vision of Social Work with Moreno’s
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
21.1 An Idealized Future of Social Work and Psychodrama . . . . . . . . 425
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
ادامه ...
بستن ...