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Introduction: Background and Main Theoretical Concepts/Discussions Social trauma is a clinical as well as a sociopsychological category: (1) as a clinical category it defines a group of posttraumatic disorders caused by organized societal violence or genocide where a social group is the target of planned persecution and therefore not only the individual but also its social environment is afflicted. Therefore, the concept of social trauma also describes (2) the shadowing of the original trauma on long-term social processes, be it on the family, group, or inter-group level. 1.1.1 Clinical Theories of Trauma and Posttraumatic Conditions Posttraumatic disorders are the only DSM diagnosis defined by an external event. However, the types of traumatizing events are poorly distinguished; especially, post- social-traumatic disorders are not addressed in the diagnostic manuals (see Hamburger, 2020b, this volume). Trauma-related mental illness in general, well known in history, was (re-)acknowledged only lately by rational medicine (Hamburger, 2018c; Kucmin, Kucmin, Nogalski, Sojczuk, & Jojczuk, 2016; Ray, 2008). This picture has changed in the late twentieth century, when the acknowledgment of posttraumatic stress disor- der (PTSD), along with its behavioral definition in DSM III, led to a clear-cut diagno- sis, but in the same place provoked a steadily widening, even inflationary use of the trauma concept (Kirmayer, Kienzler, Afana, & Pedersen, 2010; Prager, 2011). A. Hamburger (*) International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Berlin, Germany e-mail: andreas.hamburger@ipu-berlin.de © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 A. Hamburger et al. (eds.), Social Trauma – An Interdisciplinary Textbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47817-9_1 4 The classical psychoanalytic trauma theory evolved from Freud’s early adoption and subsequent rejection of child abuse as the core of hysteria, followed by Ferenczi’s concepts of war trauma and child abuse (Hamburger, 2018a), and eventu- ally to a modern psychoanalytic trauma theory that includes the social implications of trauma. There was, however, a remarkable delay in integrating the experience of the Shoah as a massive social trauma into the general psychoanalytic trauma theory (for details, see Hamburger, 2020a, 2020b, this volume; Bohleber, 2007). Beyond the psychoanalytic discourse, clinical research like Kira’s attempts to build a taxonomy of trauma (Kira, 2001) and research on differentiation of trau- matic reactions by type of exposure shift the focus of clinical trauma studies from a merely behavioral approach to an increasing awareness of social conditions (dis- cussed in Hamburger, 2020a, this volume). But still, clinical theories of trauma—besides genocide studies, where the social factor is usually at the center)—often suffer from an individualistic bias, as they rarely take into account that traumatizing events occur in the inter-individual and inter-group space

xi Contents Part I Theory of Social Trauma 1 Social Trauma: A Bridging Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Andreas Hamburger 2 Chosen Traumas and Their Impact on Current Political/Societal Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Vamık D. Volkan 3 Cultural Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Aleida Assmann 4 Cultural Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Ron Eyerman 5 The Wounds of History: About the Historical Dealing with Traumatic Experiences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Jörn Rüsen Part II Clinical Aspects of Social Trauma 6 The Complexity of Social Trauma Diagnosis and Intervention . . . . . 55 Andreas Hamburger 7 Psychoanalytic Approaches to Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 M. Gerard Fromm 8 Psychiatric Approaches to Social Trauma: From Normal Response to Psychopathology and Psychobiological Conceptions . . . 77 Gamze Özçürümez Bilgili 9 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approaches to Social Trauma . . . . . . 85 Diana Ridjic xii 10 A Dialogical-Humanistic Approach to the Treatment of Complex Trauma Sequelae in Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Thomas Maurer and Willi Butollo 11 Psychodynamic Imaginative Trauma Therapy in the Treatment of Patients with Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Luise Reddemann and Ljiljana Joksimović 12 Music Therapy and Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Susanne Metzner 13 Dance/Movement Therapy and Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Beatrix Weidinger-von der Recke 14 Using Psychodrama and Sociodrama to Overcome Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Konrad Schnabel Part III Developmental Psychology of Social Trauma 15 Developmental Trauma and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Camellia Hancheva 16 Complex and Sequential Traumatic Stress Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Annette Streeck-Fischer 17 Attachment and Mentalization in Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Julia Holl and Svenja Taubner 18 Age Differences in Childhood Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Aleksandra Hadžić Part IV Memory Studies 19 Neurobiology of Memory in Trauma Survivors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Maida Koso-Drljević and Dženana Husremović 20 Social Trauma Memory Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Camellia Hancheva 21 Development of Autobiographical Narrating: Possible Implications for Coping with Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Tilmann Habermas and Eleonora Bartoli 22 Trans-Generational Transmission of Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Sue Grand and Jill Salberg Contents xiii Part V Social Psychology of Trauma 23 Social Trauma: A Socio-Psychological Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Phil C. Langer and Alina Brehm 24 Organizational Psychology: Traumatic Traces in Organization . . . . 235 Vladimir Hedrih and Dženana Husremović 25 Understanding Social Trauma in Low-Resource Settings . . . . . . . . . . 243 Shahla M. Eltayeb 26 Social Identity Transformations and Social Trauma Nexus . . . . . . . . 253 Selma Porobić 27 Secondary Traumatization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Marko Živanović and Maša Vukčević Marković Part VI Legal and Ethical Aspects 28 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Saime Ozcurumez 29 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Saime Ozcurumez 30 Environmental Violence and Social Trauma in a Post-War Context: A Psychoanalytic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Damir Arsenijević 31 Ethical Aspects of Social Trauma Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Nikola M. Petrović 32 Social Trauma Between Psycho-Criminology and Psycho-Victimology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Astrid Hirschelmann and Abdul Rahman Rasho Part VII Specific Methodology and Practice in Social Trauma Research 33 Social Trauma Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Vladimir Hedrih 34 Quantitative Research in Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Sonja Protić 35 Qualitative Approach to Social Trauma Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Biljana Stanković 36 Videotestimony Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Andreas Hamburger Contents xiv Part VIII Social Trauma and Education 37 Education and Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Dženana Husremović and Maida Koso-Drljević 38 Education of Migrants and Vulnerable Groups: Trauma or Protective Factor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Tinde Kovač-Cerović 39 University Level Education on Social Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Carmen Scher and Lisa Malmheden Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387

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