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Ebook details:
عنوان: Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach (9781605353890)
نویسنده: Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue
ناشر: English
زبان: 9781605353890
شابک: 978-1605353890, 1605353892
حجم: 390 Mb
فرمت: Image pdf with ocr

Front Matter Copyright Page Dedication Contents in Brief Contents Preface Photo Gallery Acknowledgments Media and Supplements Front Endpapers Chapter 1 The Science of Plant Systematics What Do We Mean by Plant? What Do We Mean by Systematics? The Phylogenetic Approach How Do We Reconstruct Phylogeny? What Is Monophyly? The Practice of Plant Systematics Why Is Systematics Important? Aims and Organization of This Book Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 2 Methods and Principles of Biological Systematics Discovering Phylogeny: How Phylogenetic Trees Are Constructed Evolutionary Trees and What They Depict: Reading the Tree Sources of DNA Sequence Data Gene-by-Gene Approaches Genomic Approaches Sequence Alignment Rooting Homoplasy Tree Building: Clustering Algorithms and Neighbor Joining Models of Evolution Should You Believe the Tree: Bootstrapping and Comparison of Trees Methods That Use an Optimality Criterion Comparing Trees from Different Methods and Sources of Data Using Phylogenetic Trees Constructing a Classification Describing Evolution: Mapping Characters onto Trees Assigning Dates to Nodes in Phylogenies Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 3 Classification and System in Flowering Plants: Historical Background Classification, Nature, and Stability Botany, Classification, and Biology Understanding Relationships Classifications and Memory The Formation of Higher Taxa Plant Groupings over the Years Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 4 Taxonomic Evidence: Structural and Biochemical Characters Morphology Duration and Habit Roots Stems Buds Leaves Floral Morphology Pollination Biology Pollination Syndromes Coevolution between Plant and Pollinator Deception and Nonnutritive Rewards in Orchid Pollination Avoiding Self-Pollination Inflorescences, Fruits, and Seeds Fruit Types Seeds Fruit and Seed Dispersal Anatomy Secondary Xylem and Phloem Nodal Anatomy Leaf Anatomy Secretory Structures Crystals Arrangement of Xylem and Phloem in the Stem Floral Anatomy and Development Embryology Ovules and Megagametophytes Embryo and Endosperm Agamospermy Chromosomes Chromosome Number Chromosome Structure Methods of Chromosome Study Palynology Development of the Anther Pollen Structure, Viability, and Methods of Study Secondary Metabolites Alkaloids Betalains and Anthocyanins Glucosinolates Cyanogenic Glycosides Polyacetylenes Terpenoids Flavonoids Proteins Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 5 The Evolution of Plant Diversity Plant Diversity Is the Result of Evolution Variation in Plant Populations and Species Sources of Variation Local and Geographic Patterns of Variation Speciation Reproductive Isolation of Species Origins of Reproductive Isolating Barriers Hybridization and Introgression Polyploidy Plant Breeding Systems Species Concepts Plant Species Challenges Summary Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 6 An Overview of Green Plant Phylogeny Endosymbiotic Events "Algae" Viridophytes (Green Plants) Chlorophytes Streptophytes Embryophytes (Land Plants) Liverworts Mosses Hornworts Phylogenetic Relationships within Embryophytes Transition to Land Tracheophytes (Vascular Plants) Lycophytes Euphyllophytes Spermatophytes (Seed Plants) Major Characteristics of Spermatophytes Early Evolution of Spermatophytes Extant Lineages of Spermatophytes Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) Flowers and the Angiosperm Life Cycle Time of Origin of Angiosperms Relationships of Angiosperms to Other Groups Relationships within Angiosperms Angiosperm Pollination, Dispersal, and Diversification Summary Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 7 Lycophytes, Ferns, and Gymnosperms LYCOPHYTES Lycopodiales MONILOPHYTES (FERNS) Equisetales Psilotales Ophioglossales Leptosporangiate Ferns Osmundales Salviniales Cyatheales Polypodiales Eupolypods I Eupolypods II GYMNOSPERMS Cycadales (Cycads) Ginkgoales Coniferales (Conifers) Gnetales Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Chapter 8 Phylogenetic Relationships of Angiosperms ANA GRADE Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Mesangiospermae Magnoliid Clade (Magnoliidae) Magnoliales Laurales Canellales Piperales A Clade of Uncertain Position Ceratophyllales MONOCOTS Alismatales Liliales Asparagales Dioscoreales Commelinoid Monocots (Commelinidae) Arecales Commelinales Poales Zingiberales EUDICOTS Ranunculales Proteales and Other Eudicots Core Eudicots (Core Tricolpates) Superrosids (Superrosidae) Saxifragales Rosid Clade (Rosidae) Vitales Fabids (Fabidae, Eurosids I) Zygophyllales Oxalidales Celastrales Malpighiales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Malvids (Malvidae; Eurosids II) Geraniales Myrtales Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Superasterids (Superasteridae) Caryophyllales Santalales Asterid Clade (Sympetalae or Asteridae) Cornales Ericales Core Asterids (Gentianidae) Lamiids (Lamiidae; Euasterids I) Garryales Solanales Gentianales Lamiales Campanulids (Campanulidae, Euasterids II) Aquifoliales Apiales Dipsacales Asterales Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Appendix One: Botanical Nomenclature Scientific Names Phylogenetic Nomenclature—Associating Names with Clades Rather than with Ranks Pronunciation of Scientific Names Nomenclatural Principles Requirements for Naming a New Species of Vascular Plants Hybrid Names Cultivated Plants Summary Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Appendix Two: Specimen Preparation and Identification Collecting Plants Pressing and Drying Plants Mounting and Processing Herbarium Specimens Conservation and the Law Plant Identification Keys Floras and Monographs Plant Systematics on the Internet Herbaria, Botanical Gardens, and Taxonomic Experts Literature Cited & Suggested Readings Glossary Photographic Credits Taxonomic Index Subject Index About the Book Back Endpapers

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