لایب سان

The Distressed Self The high levels of distress among children (Rose, 2018) have been noted and responded to with interventions such as mindfulness, happiness and wellbeing lessons in schools (Guardian, 2017; happyconfidentkids. org.uk). As Low (2021) points out, there are different kinds of mind- fulness, some of them influenced by Buddhism, but the mindfulness that tends to be introduced into schools is psychologically oriented. 1 Introduction: The Psy-Self 3 A study by Lee et al. (2018) offered a scientific explanation for stress among children, suggesting that levels of cortisol, the so-called stress hormone, rose when students received a setback such as a poor grade. Those students with a growth mindset, who believed that intelligence could be developed, experienced a lowering of cortisol after a few days. Those with fixed mindsets, who considered intelligence to be fixed, were left with higher cortisol levels for longer. Official bodies such as Ofqual (The Ofqual blog), the NHS(a) (undated) and the British Psycholog- ical Society (Bulman, 2018) have issued guidance on minimising stress related to examination and testing, while the NHS offers the following guidance on stress to students in higher education: University can be a stressful experience, as well as being fun and exciting. You may feel stressed about starting university, exams, coursework dead- lines, living with people you do not get on with, or thinking about the future. Stress is a natural feeling, designed to help you cope in challenging situations. In small amounts it can be good, because it pushes you to work hard and do your best, such as during exams. But if you’re feeling very stressed or feel you cannot manage stress, it can lead to mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. It can also affect your academic performance. (NHS(b), undated

Contents 1 Introduction: The Psy-Self 1 Part I Tell Me My Self 2 Making Strange the History of Psychological Discourses of the Self in Education 23 3 Schooling the (Achieving) Self 55 4 Mental Disorder in School and the Damaged Self 85 5 Happiness and Wellbeing: For the Love of the Self 115 Part II Counter-Narratives of the Self 6 The Pleasure(s) of the Self 151 7 The Capable Self 173 8 Re-Presenting the Self 205 9 Politicising the Self 235 vii viii Contents 10 A Manifesto for Selfwork 265 References 283 Index 319

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