دانلود کتاب Math for Business and Economics Compendium of Essential Formulas Second Edition - Original PDF
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Franz W. Peren
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Chapter 2 Logic 2.1 Mathematical Logic ¬φ , ̄φ negation ¬φ = not φ φ ∧ ψ conjunction φ and ψ φ ∨ ψ disjunction φ or ψ φ ̇∨ ψ alternative either φ or ψ, exclusionary or φ ⇒ ψ implication φ implies ψ, ψ follows after φ, also written as φ → ψ φ ⇔ ψ equivalence φ equivalent to ψ, φ is similar to ψ, also written as φ ↔ ψ φ̸ ⇔ ψ anticoincidence negated equivalence, exclusionary either-or φ ← ψ replication if; if ψ applies then φ follows ∀ x universal quantifier for all x (applies) ∃ x existential quantifier there is (at least) one x for which it applies 2.2 Propositional Logic 2.2.1 Propositional Variable a, b, . . . are letters or other symbols which can be used as place- holders for statements or truths
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