لایب سان

Author(s): Katharina Ulmschneider; Tim Pestell

Publisher: Windgather Press, Year: 2019

ISBN: 191118847X,9781911188476

Contents List of Illustrations vii Contributors xii Abbreviations xiii Preface xv 1 Introduction: Early Medieval Markets and ‘Productive’ Sites 1 Katharina Ulmschneider and Tim Pestell I History, Numismatics and the Early Medieval Economy 2 Production and Distribution in Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon England 12 James Campbell 3 ‘Productive’ Sites and the Pattern of Coin Loss in England, 600–1180 20 Mark Blackburn 4 Variations in the Composition of the Currency at Different Places in England 37 Michael Metcalf 5 The Hinterlands of Three Southern English Emporia: Some Common Themes 48 Ben Palmer II Trading and ‘Productive’ Sites in the British Isles 6 Markets and ‘Productive’ Sites: A View from Western Britain 62 David Griffiths 7 Markets Around the Solent: Unravelling a ‘Productive’ Site on the Isle of Wight 73 Katharina Ulmschneider 8 The Early Anglo-Saxon Framework for Middle Anglo-Saxon Economics: The Case of East Kent 84 Stuart Brookes v 9 Exceptional Finds, Exceptional Sites? Barham and Coddenham, Suffolk 97 John Newman 10 Six Middle Anglo-Saxon Sites in West Norfolk 110 Andrew Rogerson 11 The Afterlife of ‘Productive’ Sites in East Anglia 122 Tim Pestell 12 Middle Anglo-Saxon Lincolnshire: An Emerging Picture 138 Kevin Leahy 13 The Anglian and Anglo-Scandinavian Sites at Cottam, East Yorkshire 155 Julian D. Richards III Markets and Settlements on the Early Medieval Continent 14 Markets and Fairs in Norway and Sweden Between the Eighth and Sixteenth Centuries 168 Peter Sawyer 15 Manor and Market at Lake Tissø in the Sixth to Eleventh Centuries: The Danish ‘Productive’ Sites 175 Lars Jørgensen 16 Groß Strömkendorf: A Market Site of the Eighth Century on the Baltic Sea Coast 208 Astrid Tummuscheit 17 Tjitsma, Wijnaldum: An Early Medieval Production Site in the Netherlands 221 Caroline Tulp 18 The Fate of the Ports of the Lower Seine Valley at the End of the Ninth Century 234 Jacques Le Maho 19 San Vincenzo in the Making: The Discovery of an Early Medieval Production Site on the East Bank of the Volturno 249 Matthew Moran Bibliography 264 Index 290 Markets in Early Medieval Europe vi List of Illustrations Figures Front cover. The gold bow brooch found at Tjitsma in the 1950s. Total length 163.5mm. Collection Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. 3.1 The principal ‘productive’ sites in Britain, as detailed in the Appendix 22 3.2 Histogram comparing hoards and single-finds from England, 780–900 24 3.3a–c Finds from Hamwic, Tilbury and ‘near Royston’ 27 3.4a–c Finds from Bawsey, ‘South Lincolnshire’ and Hollingbourne 29 3.5a–c Finds from ‘near Malton’ 1, South Newbald and Whithorn 30 3.6 Isolated finds from England south of the Humber 32 3.7a–bFinds from London and Lincoln 33 4.1 Regression analysis showing the frequency of Hamwic coinage within Wessex, mapped in contours 41 4.2 Regression analysis showing the proportion of primary porcupine sceattas compared to all primary sceatta finds, mapped in contours 42 4.3 Regression analysis of Type 15 secondary sceattas of ‘Hwiccian’ style, mapped in contours 44 4.4 Regression analysis of Series L sceattas, mapped in contours 46 5.1 Distribution map of sites in receipt of traded goods, based on Palmer (1998) 49 5.2 Navigable rivers in England before the era of canals (after Sherratt 1996) 52 5.3 Coin-productive sites (excluding hoards) and Roman roads in Hampshire (after Ulmschneider 2000a, Map 21) 59 6.1 Some eighth- to eleventh-century finds from Meols (drawn by Mark Faulkner) 67 6.2 Llanbedrgoch site plan (drawn by Tony Daly © National Museums and Galleries of Wales) 70 7.1 The location and geography of the Isle of Wight 74 7.2 A simplified map of the geology of the Isle of Wight 77 vii 7.3 Coin-productive sites and markets around the Solent 79 8.1 Map of East Kent, showing the reconstructed coastline c. 800 and its relation to some of the sites and roads mentioned in the text 87 8.2 Thiessen polygon interpolation, showing the environmental pays of Kent and their relation to early estate-centres, as defined by Everitt (1986) 89 8.3 Trend surfaces produced from the average number of imported artefacts interred with each individual in Early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of East Kent 92 8.4 Trend surface of Early Medieval coin finds in East Kent 94 9.1 South-east Suffolk, showing the position of Barham and Coddenham in relation to Ipswich, other Middle Anglo-Saxon sites and the local system of Roman roads (sources: Margary 1973; Moore 1988) 98 9.2 Barham, Suffolk, showing the distributions of artefact-types 100 9.3 Finds from Coddenham 105 9.4 Sceatta finds from Suffolk showing the number of coins known from each site (source: Suffolk SMR) 107 10.1 Location map of sites discussed in Chapter 10 111 10.2 Bawsey: an aerial view of the site from the north-west. (Photograph: D. A. Edwards, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service) 113 10.3 Selected finds from Rudham 117 11.1 Locations mentioned in Chapter 11 123 11.2 (a) Bawsey and its surrounding parishes; (b) East and West Rudham and surrounding parishes; (c) Hindringham and its surrounding parishes 125 11.3 The parish church of Burnham Overy St Clement’s from the south 127 12.1 Finds of Early Anglo-Saxon metalwork from Lincolnshire 139 12.2 Middle Anglo-Saxon finds from Lincolnshire and imported material of similar date. Roman roads and early trackways are shown as broken lines 141 12.3 Tenth-century and Viking metalwork shown against the pattern of Middle Anglo-Saxon finds 142 12.4 Selected finds from Melton Ross 146 12.5 The site at Melton Ross 147 12.6 The combined parishes of Melton Ross, Barnetby le Wold and the surrounding sites 148 12.7 The Yarborough Camp earthworks. Plan based on a survey carried out by K. A. Leahy and J. C. Dyson in May 1984 150 Markets in Early Medieval Europe viii 13.1 The location of the sites at Cottam 156 13.2 The distribution of metal-detector finds (marked by crosses) superimposed on crop-mark features of the Cottam B enclosures 159 13.3 The Anglo-Scandinavian farmstead at Cottam B, seen as a magnetometer plot 161 13.4 The distribution of lead weights, Norse bells, and other objects attributed to the tenth century, superimposed on the crop-mark enclosure and the suggested northward settlement shift 162 13.5 The distribution of strap-ends 163 14.1 Markets and fairs in Norway and Sweden mentioned in Chapter 14 169 15.1 The distribution of major ‘productive’ sites in Denmark and southern Sweden. Sites mentioned in the text are numbered 177 15.2 Plan of the specialized production site at Næs on Zealand. (after Møller-Hansen and Høier 2000, redrawn) 178 15.3 Plan of the Toftegård complex near Køge. (after Tornbjerg 1998, redrawn) 180 15.4 The manor complex from the seventh to tenth centuries at Lejre with the residential area and workshop area to the east 182 15.5 Plan of one of the great halls in Lejre. (after Christensen 1997, redrawn) 182 15.6 Map showing the archaeological status of the Tissø area in the Viking period 184 15.7 The distribution of the c. 10,000 finds made at Tissø in the metal-detector surveys and archaeological excavations 185 15.8 Distribution map showing the equal-armed brooches from the middle of the sixth century (cross) and beaked brooches (circle) from c. 600 186 15.9 Tissø: the excavated area with the manor dating from the seventh to eleventh centuries and the adjacent market 187 15.10 A selection of the fine pendants, brooches and strap-mounts of gilded silver and tin-plated bronze from the later manor at Tissø. (Photographs: Pia Brejnholt) 188 15.11 A selection of arrowheads from the later manor at Tissø. (Photograph: Danish National Museum) 189 15.12 Distribution map showing the weapons and weapon parts at the Tissø complex 190 15.13 Coins from Tissø. (Photographs: Pia Brejnholt) 191 15.14 Distribution map of the coins at Tissø 192 15.15 The layout of the later manor at Tissø in Phase One, preliminarily dated to the seventh to eighth centuries 193 Illustrations ix 15.16 Tissø: the layout of the manor in Phase Two, preliminarily dated to the eighth to ninth centuries 194 15.17 The layout of the manor at Tissø in Phase Three, preliminarily dated to the ninth to tenth centuries 195 15.18 A selection of the Thor’s hammers and a miniature strike-a-light from the later manor area at Tissø 196 15.19 Pendants depicting the valkyries of Norse mythology, in gilded silver with niello inlays. (Photographs: Pia Brejnholt) 197 15.20 The layout of the manor at Tissø in Phase Four, preliminarily dated to the late tenth to early eleventh centuries. The exact size of the manor at this date cannot be determined 198 15.21 Plan of the hall area with the three main buildings in Phase Four 199 15.22 Distribution map of the molten bronze and lead from workshop activities at Tissø 200 15.23 (1)–(4) Three bronze and one lead model for the manufacture of moulds for plate brooches and a cross-shaped brooch. (Photographs: Pia Brejnholt) 201 15.24 Distribution map showing the weights at Tissø 202 15.25 A lead seal of the high-ranking Byzantine official Theodosios, mid-ninth century. (Photograph: Danish National Museum) 203 15.26 Plan of the central representative area of Charlemagne’s Pfalz in Aix, Germany. (after Hugot 1965, with additions by the author) 205 16.1 Location of Groß Strömkendorf and other sites mentioned in the text in relation to local topography 209 16.2 Overall plan of excavated areas with reconstruction of the landscape to the west of the site. (Archäologisches Landesmuseum Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schloß Wiligrad, 19069 Lübstorf) 210 16.3 One part of the central area of the trading site showing the careful alignment of pit-houses 211 16.4 Plan of the excavated area in the southern and central parts of the site showing the dense occupation and selected dendrochronological dates 214 16.5 Plan of the settlement structures within the area of the cemetery and dendrochronological dates 214 16.6 Map showing the distribution of finds and archaeological sites in the hinterland of Groß Strömkendorf. (after Schmitz 1999, Abb. 27) 218 17.1 The location of Tjitsma terp, Wijnaldum. (after Besteman, Bos and Heidinga 1993) 222 17.2 Finds associated with precious metalworking. ( J. de Koning) 223 Markets in Early Medieval Europe x 17.3 Copper-alloy die stamp with cross-hatched decoration. (Colin Slack, English Heritage) 224 17.4 Iron bars from Tjitsma. (after J. de Koning) 226 17.5 Assorted finds from Tjitsma. (all J. de Koning) 228 18.1 The ports of the Lower Seine in the ninth and tenth centuries 242 19.1 The location of San Vincenzo (a) and a plan of the site (b) 248 19.2 Site plan, showing the surveyed and excavated areas, and prominent archaeological features, on the east bank of the Volturno 251 19.3 Plan of the 1996–7 excavations 252 19.4 Early Medieval red-painted pottery from the excavations 253 19.5 Early Medieval glass-working crucibles from the excavations 254 19.6 Plan of Early Medieval clay-bonded structures, showing their relation to the temporary workshops, prior to construction of the atrium of San Vincenzo Maggiore 256 19.7 Plans of (a) the Early Medieval clay-bonded structures and adjoining yards and (b) the so-called ‘collective workshop’ 259 Tables 12.1 The breakdown of Early Medieval metalwork recorded in Lincolnshire to December 2000 140 12.2 The breakdown of metalwork from Melton Ross, by date 145 12.3 The breakdown of Anglo-Saxon and Viking metalwork from Melton Ross, by type 145 15.1 Features appearing at both Tissø and a contemporary Carolingian Pfalz 206

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