لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: Introduction to Psychology v3.0

By: Charles Stangor

• Publisher: Flatworld

• Print ISBN: 9781453387238, 1453387234

  Print ISBN: 9781453387238, 1453387234

• eText ISBN: 9781453387245, 1453387242

  eText ISBN: 9781453387245, 1453387242

• Copyright year: 2017

حجم: 170 Mb
فرمت: Image pdf with ocr

Brief Contents Contents About the Author Acknowledgments Preface Chapter 1: Introducing Psychology 1.1: Psychology as a Science The Problem of Intuition Why Psychologists Rely on Empirical Methods Levels of Explanation in Psychology The Challenges of Studying Psychology 1.2: The Evolution of Psychology: History, Approaches, and Questions Early Psychologists Structuralism: Introspection and the Awareness of Subjective Experience Functionalism and Evolutionary Psychology Psychodynamic Psychology Behaviorism and the Question of Free Will The Cognitive Approach and Cognitive Neuroscience Social-Cultural Psychology The Many Disciplines of Psychology 1.3: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 2: Psychological Science 2.1: Psychologists Use the Scientific Method to Guide Their Research The Scientific Method Laws and Theories as Organizing Principles The Research Hypothesis Conducting Ethical Research Ensuring That Research Is Ethical Research With Animals 2.2: Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand B Descriptive Research: Assessing the Current State of Affairs Correlational Research: Seeking Relationships Among Variables Experimental Research: Understanding the Causes of Behavior 2.3: You Can Be an Informed Consumer of Psychological Research 2.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 3: Brains, Bodies, and Behavior 3.1: The Neuron Is the Building Block of the Nervous System Neurons Communicate Using Electricity and Chemicals Neurotransmitters: The Body’s Chemical Messengers 3.2: Our Brains Control Our Thoughts, Feelings, and Behavior The Old Brain: Wired for Survival The Cerebral Cortex Creates Consciousness and Thinking Functions of the Cortex The Brain Is Flexible: Neuroplasticity 3.3: Psychologists Study the Brain Using Many Different Methods Lesions Provide a Picture of What Is Missing Recording Electrical Activity in the Brain Peeking Inside the Brain: Neuroimaging 3.4: Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System The Body’s Chemicals Help Control Behavior: The Endocrine System 3.5: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 4: Sensing and Perceiving 4.1: We Experience Our World Through Sensation Sensory Thresholds: What Can We Experience? Measuring Sensation 4.2: Seeing The Sensing Eye and the Perceiving Visual Cortex Perceiving Color Perceiving Form Perceiving Depth Perceiving Motion 4.3: Hearing The Ear Hearing Loss 4.4: Tasting, Smelling, and Touching Tasting Smelling Touching Experiencing Pain 4.5: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Perception How the Perceptual System Interprets the Environment Illusions The Important Role of Expectations in Perception 4.6: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 5: Consciousness, Body Rhythms, and Mental States 5.1: Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action Sleep Stages: Moving Through the Night Sleep Disorders: Problems in Sleeping The Heavy Costs of Not Sleeping Dreams and Dreaming 5.2: Altering Consciousness With Psychoactive Drugs Speeding Up the Brain With Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines Slowing Down the Brain With Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines, and Toxic Inhala Opioids: Opium, Morphine, Heroin, and Codeine Hallucinogens: Cannabis, Mescaline, and LSD Why We Use Psychoactive Drugs 5.3: Altering Consciousness Without Drugs Changing Behavior Through Suggestion: The Power of Hypnosis Reducing Sensation to Alter Consciousness: Sensory Deprivation Meditation 5.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 6: Growing and Developing Across the Lifespan 6.1: Conception and Prenatal Development The Zygote The Embryo The Fetus How the Environment Can Affect the Vulnerable Fetus 6.2: Infancy and Childhood: Exploring and Learning The Newborn Arrives With Many Behaviors Intact Cognitive Development During Childhood Social Development During Childhood Knowing the Self: The Development of the Self-Concept Successfully Relating to Others: Attachment 6.3: Adolescence: Developing Independence and Identity Physical Changes in Adolescence Cognitive Development in Adolescence Social Development in Adolescence Developing Moral Reasoning: Kohlberg’s Theory 6.4: Early and Middle Adulthood: Building Effective Lives Physical and Cognitive Changes in Early and Middle Adulthood Menopause Social Changes in Early and Middle Adulthood 6.5: Late Adulthood: Aging, Retiring, and Bereavement Cognitive Changes during Aging Neurocognitive Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease Social Changes During Aging: Retiring Effectively Death, Dying, and Bereavement 6.6: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 7: Learning 7.1: Learning by Association: Classical Conditioning Pavlov Demonstrates Conditioning in Dogs The Persistence and Extinction of Conditioning The Role of Nature in Classical Conditioning 7.2: Changing Behavior Through Reinforcement and Punishment: Operant Conditioning How Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Behavior: The Research of Thorndike and Skinner Creating Complex Behaviors Through Operant Conditioning 7.3: Learning by Insight and Observation Observational Learning: Learning by Watching 7.4: Using the Principles of Learning to Understand Everyday Behavior Using Classical Conditioning in Advertising Reinforcement in Social Dilemmas 7.5: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 8: Remembering and Judging 8.1: Memories as Types and Stages Explicit Memory Implicit Memory Stages of Memory: Sensory, Short-Term, and Long-Term Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory 8.2: How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory Encoding and Storage: How Our Perceptions become Memories Using the Contributions of Hermann Ebbinghaus to Improve Your Memory Retrieval The Structure of LTM: Categories, Prototypes, and Schemas The Biology of Memory 8.3: Accuracy and Inaccuracy in Memory and Cognition Source Monitoring: Did It Really Happen? Schematic Processing: Distortions Based on Expectations Misinformation Effects: How Information That Comes Later Can Distort Memory Overconfidence Heuristic Processing: Availability and Representativeness Salience and Cognitive Accessibility Counterfactual Thinking 8.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 9: Intelligence and Language 9.1: Defining and Measuring Intelligence General (g) versus Specific (s) Intelligences Measuring Intelligence: Standardization and the Intelligence Quotient The Biology of Intelligence Is Intelligence Nature or Nurture? 9.2: The Social, Cultural, and Political Aspects of Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence: Intellectual Disability and Giftedness Extremely Low Intelligence Extremely High Intelligence Gender Differences in Intelligence Racial Differences in Intelligence 9.3: Communicating With Others: The Development and Use of Language The Components of Language The Biology and Development of Language Learning Language How Children Learn Language: Theories of Language Acquisition Bilingualism and Cognitive Development Can Animals Learn Language? Language and Perception 9.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 10: Emotions and Motivation: Happiness, Stress, Health, Eating, and Sex 10.1: The Experience of Emotion The Cannon-Bard and James-Lange Theories of Emotion The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Communicating Emotion 10.2: Stress: The Unseen Killer The Negative Effects of Stress Stressors in Our Everyday Lives Responses to Stress Managing Stress Emotion Regulation 10.3: Positive Emotions: The Power of Happiness Finding Happiness through Our Connections With Others What Makes Us Happy? 10.4: Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating Eating: Healthy Choices Make Healthy Lives Eating Disorders Obesity Sex: The Most Important Human Behavior The Experience of Sex The Many Varieties of Sexual Behavior 10.5: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 11: Psychology in Our Social Lives 11.1: Social Cognition: Making Sense of Ourselves and Others Perceiving Others Forming Judgments on the Basis of Appearance: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Close Relationships Causal Attribution: Forming Judgments by Observing Behavior Attitudes and Behavior 11.2: Interacting with Others: Helping, Hurting, and Conforming Helping Others: Altruism Helps Create Harmonious Relationships Why Are We Altruistic? How the Presence of Others Can Reduce Helping Human Aggression: An Adaptive Yet Potentially Damaging Behavior The Ability to Aggress Is Part of Human Nature Negative Experiences Increase Aggression Does Viewing Violent Media Increase Aggression? Conformity and Obedience: How Social Influence Creates Social Norms Do We Always Conform? 11.3: Working With Others: The Costs and Benefits of Social Groups Working in Front of Others: Social Facilitation and Social Inhibition Working Together in Groups Using Groups Effectively 11.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 12: Personality 12.1: Personality and Behavior: Approaches and Measurement Personality as Traits Situational Influences on Personality The MMPI and Projective Tests 12.2: The Origins of Personality Psychodynamic Theories of Personality: The Role of the Unconscious Id, Ego, and Superego Freud’s Followers: The Neo-Freudians Strengths and Limitations of Freudian and Neo-Freudian Approaches Focusing on the Self: Humanism and Self-Actualization 12.3: Is Personality More Nature or More Nurture? Behavioral and Molecular Genetics Studying Personality Using Behavioral Genetics Studying Personality Using Molecular Genetics Reviewing the Literature: Is Our Genetics Our Destiny? 12.4: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 13: Defining Psychological Disorders 13.1: Psychological Disorder: What Makes a Behavior “Abnormal”? Defining Disorder Diagnosing Disorder: The DSM Diagnosis or Overdiagnosis? ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Autism Spectrum Disorder 13.2: Anxiety and Dissociative Disorders: Fearing the World Around Us Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Dissociative Disorders: Losing the Self to Avoid Anxiety Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue Dissociative Identity Disorder Explaining Anxiety and Dissociation Disorders 13.3: Depressive Disorders: Emotions as Illness Dysthymia and Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Explaining Depressive Disorders 13.4: Schizophrenia: The Edge of Reality and Consciousness Symptoms of Schizophrenia Explaining Schizophrenia 13.5: Personality Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) 13.6: Physical, Sexual, Eating, and Sleeping Disorders Disorders Related to Physical Symptoms Sexual Disorders Disorders of Sexual Function Gender Identity Disorder Paraphilias 13.7: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 14: Treating Psychological Disorders 14.1: Reducing Disorder by Confronting It: Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Therapy Humanistic Therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Behavioral Aspects of CBT Cognitive Aspects of CBT Combination (Eclectic) Approaches to Therapy 14.2: Reducing Disorder Biologically: Drug and Brain Therapy Drug Therapies Using Stimulants to Treat ADHD Antidepressant Medications Antianxiety Medications Antipsychotic Medications Direct Brain Intervention Therapies 14.3: Reducing Disorder by Changing the Social Situation Group, Couples, and Family Therapy Self-Help Groups Community Mental Health: Service and Prevention 14.4: Evaluating Treatment and Prevention: What Works? Effectiveness of Psychological Therapy Effectiveness of Biomedical Therapies Effectiveness of Social-Community Approaches 14.5: Chapter Summary Endnotes Chapter 15: Answers to Quiz Questions 15.1: Chapter 1 15.2: Chapter 2 15.3: Chapter 3 15.4: Chapter 4 15.5: Chapter 5 15.6: Chapter 6 15.7: Chapter 7 15.8: Chapter 8 15.9: Chapter 9 15.10: Chapter 10 15.11: Chapter 11 15.12: Chapter 12 15.13: Chapter 13 15.14: Chapter 14 Index

برای ارسال نظر لطفا وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید