لایب سان

PART ONE: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES ; 1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ; Introduction ; Defining Environmental Impact Assessment ; - Environmental Change and Effects ; EIA Theory and Objective ; - EIA Output and Outcome Objectives ; The Origins and Development of EIA ; - EIA Origins ; - EIA Development ; International Status of EIA ; - Canada ; - Australia ; - European Union ; - China ; - Developing Nations and Development Agencies ; The Basic EIA Process ; - Operating Principles ; Opportunities for and Challenges to EIA ; - Ensuring a Quality EIA Process ; - Balancing Efficiency and Efficacy ; - Improved EIA Governance ; 2. OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CANADA ; EIA in Canada ; Canadian EIA Systems ; - Provincial EIA ; - Northern EIA ; Development of Federal EIA ; - EARP Origins ; - Canadian Environmental Assessment Act ; - Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 ; - Major Changes under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 ; - "Higher-Order" Assessment ; - EIA Directions ; 3. TOOLS SUPPORTING EIA PRACTICE ; The Practitioner's Toolkit ; Tools for Impact Identification, Interpretation, Organization, and Communication ; - Checklists ; - Matrices ; - Trends and Associations ; - Spatial Analysis ; Tools for Impact Prediction ; - Analogue Approaches ; - Judgment ; - Systems Modelling ; - Scenario Analysis ; Tool Selection ; PART TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PRACTICE ; 4. SCREENING PROCEDURES ; Screening ; Screening Approaches ; - Is an EIA Required? ; - Hybrid Screening ; Screening Requirements in Canada ; - Requirements for EIA ; - Determining Whether an EIA Is Required ; - Type of EIA Required ; General Guidance for Screening ; - Screening and the Precautionary Principle ; 5. SCOPING AND ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ASSESSMENTS ; Scoping ; Scoping Requisites ; - Identification of Project Alternatives ; - Valued Ecosystem Components ; - Establish Assessment Boundaries ; - Conduct the Environmental Baseline Study ; Scoping Continuation ; 6. PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ; Impact Prediction ; Predicting Impacts on the Biophysical Environment ; - What to Predict ; Predicting Impacts on the Human Environment ; - What to Predict ; Characterizing Predicted Impacts ; - Order of Environmental Effects ; - Nature of Environmental Effects and Impacts ; - Temporal Characteristics of Effects and Impacts ; - Magnitude, Direction ; - Spatial Extent ; - Reversibility and Irreversibility ; - Likelihood of Effects and Impacts ; Good Practice Requirements for Impact Prediction ; - Accuracy and Precision ; - Verifiable Impact Predictions ; - Addressing Uncertainty ; 7. MANAGING PROJECT IMPACTS ; Impact Management ; Managing Adverse Impacts ; - Avoidance ; - Mitigation ; - Remediation ; - Compensation ; Managing Positive Impacts ; - Creating Benefits ; - Enhancing Benefits ; Measures That Support Impact Management ; - Environmental Management Systems ; - Environmental Protection Plans ; - Adaptive Management Strategies ; EIA and Impact Management in Canada ; 8. DETERMINING IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE ; Impact Significance ; Determining Significance ; - Effect and Impact Characteristics ; - Impact Importance ; Approaches to Significance Determination ; - Technical Approach ; - Collaborative Approach ; - Reasoned Argumentation ; - Composite Approach ; Toward a Higher Test for Impact Significance ; - Guidance for Determining Significance ; 9. FOLLOW-UP AND MONITORING ; Follow-up ; - Follow-up Requirements ; - Follow-up Components ; Rationale for Post-decision Monitoring ; - Compliance Monitoring ; - Progress Monitoring ; - Monitoring for Understanding ; Effective Follow-up and Monitoring ; - Objectives and Priorities Identified ; - Targeted Approach to Data Collection ; - Hypothesis-Based or Threshold-Based Approaches ; - Combined Stressor- and Effects-Based Monitoring ; - Control Sites ; - Continuity in Data Collection ; - Ensuring Adaptability, Flexibility, and Timelines ; - Socio-economic-Inclusive Monitoring ; - Participatory Monitoring ; Monitoring Methods and Techniques ; 10. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN EIA ; Involving the Publics ; - Rationale for Involving the Public ; Nature and Scope of Public Involvement ; - Identifying the Publics ; - Levels of Involvement ; - Provisions and Requirements for Public Participation in Canada ; Aboriginal Consultation and Engagement ; - Duty to Consult ; - Traditional Ecological Knowledge ; Methods and Techniques ; Meaningful Participation ; - Basic Principles ; - Operating Principles ; PART THREE: ADVANCING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE ; 11. CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ASSESSMENT ; Cumulative Environmental Effects ; - Definition of Cumulative Effects ; - Sources of Cumulative Effects ; - Types of Cumulative Effects ; - Pathways of Cumulative Effects ; Models of Cumulative Effects Assessment ; - Effects-Based CEA ; - Stressor-Based CEA ; - Good CEA ; Framework for the Application of CEA ; - Scoping ; - Retrospective Analysis ; - Prospective Analysis ; - Management ; State of CEA in Canada ; - Enduring Challenges and Concerns ; 12. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ; Strategically Oriented Environmental Assessment ; - Characteristics of SEA ; Systems of SEA ; - SEA in Canada ; - SEA Benefits and Opportunities ; - Types of SEA ; SEA Frameworks ; - Develop a Reference Framework ; - Scope the Baseline and Issues of Concern ; - Identify Trends and Stressors ; - Formulate Strategic Alternatives ; - Assess Potential Effects under Each Alternative ; - Identify a Strategic Direction ; - Determine Mitigation or Enhancement Needs ; - Develop a Follow-up Program ; - Implement the Strategy, Monitor, and Evaluate ; Directions in SEA ; 13. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND ETHICS NEW ; Professional Practice of EIA ; - Skills and Qualifications ; Ethics and Practice ; - Ethical Responsibilities ; The Practitioner as Honest Broker ; PART FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT POSTSCRIPT ; 14. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT ; Introduction ; The Substantive Effectiveness of Environmental Assessment ; - Environmental Impact Assessment ; - Cumulative Effects Assessment ; - Strategic Environmental Assessment ; Integrating the Silos of Environmental Assessment ; Prospects ; Glossary ; Index

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