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ntroduction The changes in the Mexican universities and higher education institutions (HEIs) in their internal dynamics have been many and diverse, due to the impact of the struc- tural adjustment policies imposed since the early 1980s (Ibarra, 2002). HEIs are now organized as private enterprises providing educational services and are forced to qualify as “productive” to get extra financial resources. In the logic of private enterprises’ accountability, their outcomes are now evaluated by measuring their efficiency and “productivity.” Some of the criteria used to assess this productivity are the number of students enrolled—particularly graduate ones—students’ perfor- mance measured by the percentage getting their degrees on time, the percentage of full-time professors with a PhD, and the number of professors’ publications (Peña & Fernández, 2016).

ix Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Part I Introduction: Definition, Manifestations, and Theoretical Issues 1 The Neurochemistry of Science Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Loretta Breuning 2 Groupthink and the Evolution of Reason Giving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Gregg Henriques 3 The Mental and Interpersonal Mechanisms of Groupthink Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 David M. Allen 4 False Beliefs and the Social Structure of Science: Some Models and Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Cailin O’Connor and James Owen Weatherall 5 Seven Cases: Examples of How Important Ideas Were Initially Attacked or Ridiculed by the Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 David M. Allen and Elizabeth A. Reedy Part II Manipulation and Use of Social Influence in Science: The Financing, Design, and Dissemination of Research Studies and Results 6 Sham Dealing and Sham Peer Review in Academic Publishing: Perspectives from a Case Study in a Mexican University . . . . . . . . . . 65 Florencia Peña Saint-Martin 7 Research Grants and Agenda Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Brian Martin 8 The Role of Communicating the Beliefs of the Clinician – Using the Placebo Effect in Clinical Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Paul Harris x 9 Bias and Groupthink in Science’s Peer-Review System . . . . . . . . . . . 99 David B. Resnik and Elise M. Smith 10 Law Versus Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Brian Martin 11 Conjectures Masquerading as Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Andrew C. Papanicolaou Part III Examples and Personal Experiences 12 Key Opinion Leaders and the Control of Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Joel Lexchin 13 Conflict Between Public Health Science and Markets: The Case of Tobacco Research – Illustrations from Tobacco and CO2 . . . . . . . . 153 Augustine Brannigan 14 A Plea for Global Consideration of Human Brain Sex Differences . . 167 James W. Howell 15 Ideological Blinders in the Study of Sex Differences in Participation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Fields . . . . . . 175 David C. Geary and Gijsbert Stoet 16 Groupthink in Sex and Pornography “Addiction”: Sex-Negativity, Theoretical Impotence, and Political Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Nicole Prause and D J Williams 17 The Tyranny of the Normal Curve: How the “Bell Curve” Corrupts Educational Research and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Curt Dudley-Marling 18 KETEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 John M. Norwood, Elizabeth Schriner, and Ah Young Wah 19 Wildlife Contraception and Political Cuisinarts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Jay F. Kirkpatrick and John W. Turner Jr. 20 The Influence of Groupthink During the Invention of Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Nestar Russell 21 The Physician’s Dilemma: Healthcare and Bureaucracy in the Modern World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 J. Kim Penberthy and David R. Penberthy 22 Bias, Disguise, and Co-opted Science: Altruism as “Scientized” Ideology Across the English Professions—The Peculiar Case of “Ebonics” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Bradley Harris Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Contents

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