لایب سان

Author(s): Herbert Goldenberg, Irene Goldenberg

Publisher: Brooks Cole, Year: 2007

ISBN: 0495097594,9780495097594

viii CONTENTS Summary 145 Recommended Readings 145 P A R T I I I The Established Schools of Family Therapy 7 P SYCHODYNAMIC M ODELS 146 The Place of Theory 148 Some Historical Considerations 149 Freud’s Impact on Family Therapy 150 Adler and Sullivan: Contributing Pioneers 151 The Psychodynamic Outlook 153 Classical Psychoanalytic Theory 153 Deviations from the Classical View 154 Psychoanalysis and Family Dynamics (Ackerman) 155 Object Relations Theory 160 Object Relations Therapy 165 Object Relations and Family-of-Origin Therapy (Framo) 165 Object Relations Family Therapy (Scharff & Scharff) 168 Kohut and Self Psychology 171 Summary 173 Recommended Readings 174 8 T RANSGENERATIONAL M ODELS 175 Bowen’s Family Theory 175 Leading Figure 176 Other Leading Figures 178 Family Systems Theory 178 Eight Interlocking Theoretical Concepts 178 Differentiation of Self 179 Triangles 183 Nuclear Family Emotional System 185 Family Projection Process 186 Emotional Cutoff 187 Multigenerational Transmission Process 189 Sibling Position 189 Societal Regression 190 Family Systems Therapy 190 The Evaluation Interview 190 The Genogram 192 Therapeutic Goals 195 Back Home Visits 195 Family Therapist as Coach 197 Contextual Therapy 199 Relational Ethics and the Family Ledger 199 Leading Figures 201 Legacies, Debts, and Entitlements 201 Therapeutic Goals 202 The Ethical Connection 203 Summary 204 Recommended Readings 205 9 E XPERIENTIAL M ODELS 206 A Shared Philosophical Commitment 207 The Experiential Model 208 Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy (Whitaker) 208 The Use of Co-therapy with Schizophrenics 210 The Symbolic Aspects of Family Therapy 210 The Therapist’s Use of Self 211 Normalizing Human Behavior 211 Establishing Therapeutic Goals 212 The Therapeutic Process 213 Gestalt Family Therapy (Kempler) 215 Leading Figure 217 The Therapeutic Encounter 218 The Human Validation Process Model (Satir) 222 Leading Figure 222 Symptoms and Family Balance 223 Individual Growth and Development 223 Family Roles and Communication Styles 225 The “Seed”Model 226 Family Assessment and Intervention 227 Family Reconstruction 229 The Avanta Network 230 Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (Greenberg and Johnson) 231 Leading Figures 231 A Brief, Integrative Approach 231 The Change Process 232 Attachment Theory and Adult Relatedness 233 CONTENTS ix x CONTENTS Steps in the Treatment Manual 234 A Final Comment 234 Summary 235 Recommended Readings 235 10 T HE S TRUCTURAL M ODEL 236 The Structural Outlook 236 Leading Figure 237 Other Leading Figures 239 Psychosomatic Families 239 Structural Family Theory 240 Family Structure 240 Family Subsystems 242 Boundary Permeability 243 Alignments, Power, and Coalitions 244 Family Dysfunction 247 Structural Family Therapy 248 Therapeutic Goals 248 Joining and Accommodating 249 Assessing Family Interactions 250 Monitoring Family Dysfunctional Sets 252 Restructuring Transactional Patterns 255 Summary 260 Recommended Readings 261 11 S TRATEGIC M ODELS 262 The Communications Outlook 262 The Strategic Outlook 263 MRI Interactional Family Therapy 264 Leading Figures 264 Developing a Communication Paradigm 264 Paradoxical Communication 266 Therapeutic Assumptions 267 First-Order and Second-Order Changes 268 The Therapeutic Double Bind 269 MRI Brief Family Therapy 271 Three Types of Misguided Solutions 272 MRI Brief Therapy in Action 273 Strategic Family Therapy (Haley and Madanes) 275 Leading Figures 275 The Meaning of Symptoms 277 Triangles, Sequences, and Hierarchies 278 Developing Therapeutic Strategies 279 The Initial Interview 280 The Use of Directives 281 Effectiveness of Strategic Approaches 285 Summary 286 Recommended Readings 287 12 T HE M ILAN S YSTEMIC M ODEL 288 Milan Systemic Family Therapy 289 Leading Figures 289 The Early Milan Model: Paradoxes, Counterparadoxes, Rituals, and Positive Connotations 290 An Evolving Model: Hypothesizing, Neutrality, and Circular Questioning 296 Questioning Family Belief Systems 301 The Invariant Prescription 304 A Post-Milan Systemic Epistemology 305 Tomm’s Reflexive Questioning 307 Summary 308 Recommended Readings 309 13 B EHAVIORAL AND C OGNITIVE -B EHAVIORAL M ODELS 310 Behavioral Therapy and Family Systems 310 Leading Figures 310 Adopting a Family Framework 311 A Growing Eclecticism: The Cognitive Connection 311 Leading Figures 312 Cognitive Restructuring 314 The Cognitive-Behavioral Outlook 314 The Key Role of Assessment 315 A Behavioral Assessment 316 A Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment 316 Behaviorally Influenced Forms of Family Therapy 317 Behavioral Couples Therapy 319 Integrative Couples Therapy 324 Behavioral Research in Couples Therapy 325 Behavioral Parent Training 327 CONTENTS xi xii CONTENTS Functional Family Therapy 332 Conjoint Sex Therapy 334 A Constructivist Link 338 Summary 339 Recommended Readings 340 P A R T I V New Directions in Family Therapy 14 S OCIAL C ONSTRUCTION M ODELS I: S OLUTION -F OCUSED T HERAPY AND C OLLABORATIVE T HERAPY 341 The Impact of the Postmodern Revolution 343 A Postmodern Therapeutic Outlook 344 The Post-Milan Link to the Postmodern View 345 Reality Is Invented, Not Discovered 346 Social Constructionist Therapies 347 Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) 348 Solution-Oriented Brief Family Therapy 355 A Collaborative Language Systems Approach 358 The Reflecting Team 361 Summary 363 Recommended Readings 364 15 S OCIAL C ONSTRUCTION M ODELS II: N ARRATIVE T HERAPY 365 Poststructuralism and Deconstructionism 367 Thin and Thick Descriptions 367 Leading Figures 369 Self-Narratives and Cultural Narratives 369 A Therapeutic Philosophy 371 Therapeutic Conversations 371 Externalizing the Problem 371 Employing Therapeutic Questions 373 Seeking Unique Outcomes 375 Co-constructing Alternative Stories 376 Therapeutic Ceremonies, Letters, and Leagues 377 Definitional Ceremonies 377 Therapeutic Letters 378 Forming Supportive Leagues 379 Summary 380 Recommended Readings 380 16 P SYCHOEDUCATIONAL M ODELS : T EACHING S KILLS TO S PECIFIC P OPULATIONS 381 Families and Mental Disorders 382 Educating, Supporting, and Empowering Families of Schizophrenics 383 Expressed Emotion and Schizophrenia 385 The Therapeutic Process 386 Medical Family Therapy 388 Leading Figures 389 Psychosocial Factors and Individual Health 390 Collaborative Family Healthcare Coalition 390 Family Therapist–Physician Partnerships 392 Family Therapist–Family Partnerships 393 Short-Term Educational Programs 393 Relationship Enhancement Programs 394 Marriage Preparation Programs 397 Marital Enrichment Programs 398 Marriage Encounter 399 Stepfamily Preparation Programs 399 Summary 402 Recommended Readings 403 P A R T V Clinical Research: The Synergy of Science and Practice 17 R ESEARCH ON F AMILY A SSESSMENT AND T HERAPEUTIC O UTCOMES 404 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methodologies 405 Couple and Family Assessment Research 408 Self-Report Measures 409 Observational Methods 413 Family Therapy Process and Outcome Research 417 Process Research 419 Outcome Research 421 Evidence-Based Family Therapy: Some Closing Comments 424 CONTENTS xiii xiv CONTENTS Summary 426 Recommended Readings 426 P A R T V I Family Theories and Family Therapies: An Overview 18 A C OMPARATIVE V IEW OF F AMILY T HEORIES AND T HERAPIES 427 Family Theories: A Comparative Overview 428 Units of Study: Monads, Dyads, and Triads 428 Time Frame: Past, Present, Future 429 Functional and Dysfunctional Families 430 Family Therapies: A Comparative Overview 434 The Role of the Therapist 434 Assessment Procedures 435 Insight and Action Modes 437 Key Methods of Intervention 438 Crisis, Brief, and Long-Term Family Therapy 439 Goals of Treatment 440 Summary 444 Recommended Readings 444 A P P E N D I X A : A A M F T C O D E O F E T H I C S 4 4 5 A P P E N D I X B : B E C O M I N G A C O M P E T E N T F A M I L Y T H E R A P I S T : T R A I N I N G A N D S U P E R V I S I O N 4 5 4 G L O S S A R Y 4 6 5 R E F E R E N C E S 4 7 4 C R E D I T S 5 0 3 N A M E I N D E X 5 0 5 S U B J E C T I N D E X 5 1 1 Box 1.1 Research Report: Two-Income Families and Gender Ideology 6 Box 1.2 Case Study: A Traumatized Family Rebounds from a Sudden Crisis 10 Box 1.3 Clinical Note: Spirituality and the Family Belief System 11 Box 1.4 Case Study: A Couple in Conflict Seek Help Over Money Issues 15 Box 2.1 Clinical Note: Migration and the Life Cycle 35 Box 2.2 Case Study: A Religious Couple Divides into Two Single-Parent Households 45 Box 2.3 Case Study: A Lesbian Couple Adopts a Child 51 Box 3.1 Research Report: Changing Educational, Work, and Family Roles 61 Box 3.2 Case Study: A Couple Confronts Domestic Violence 63 Box 3.3 Case Study: Counseling a Latino Family 71 Box 4.1 Clinical Note: Family Rules and Family Dysfunction 82 Box 4.2 Clinical Note: Can a Family System Be Too Open? 91 Box 4.3 Case Study: An Immigrant Family Faces an Intergenerational Conflict 92 Box 4.4 Case Study: Using an Ecomap in Family Assessment and Therapy 96 Box 5.1 Research Report: How Disturbed Families Deal with Emotions 107 Box 5.2 Clinical Note: Social Workers and Family Therapy 108 Box 5.3 Therapeutic Encounter: Who Actually Started Family Therapy? 115 Box 5.4 Therapeutic Encounter: Advancing a New Epistemology 121 Box 6.1 Research Report: Core Competencies in Practicing Family Therapy 129 Box 6.2 Research Report: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice 133 Box 6.3 Case Study: A Therapist Reports Parental Abuse 139 Box 6.4 Clinical Note: Computer Technology and Confidentiality 140 Box 6.5 Clinical Note: Limits of Confidentiality 141 Box 7.1 Clinical Note: Eclecticism and Integration in Current Family Practice 147

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