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Ebook details:
عنوان: Exploring Research, Books a la Carte (9th Edition) (9780134238418) Neil J. Salkind
نویسنده: Books
ناشر: English
زبان: 9780134238418
شابک: 978-0134238418, 0134238419
حجم: 7 Mb
فرمت: True Pdf

Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface New to the Edition How This Book Is Organized What’s Special about This Book? A Note to the Instructor How to Use This Book Available Instructor Resources A Big Thanks Chapter 1 The Role and Importance of Research Say Hello to Research! What Research Is and What It Isn’t A Model of Scientific Inquiry Asking the Question Identifying the Important Factors Formulating a Hypothesis Collecting Relevant Information Testing the Hypothesis Working with the Hypothesis Reconsidering the Theory Asking New Questions Different Types of Research Nonexperimental Research Experimental Research True Experimental Research Quasi-Experimental Research What Research Method to Use When? Basic Research versus Applied Research Summary Exercises Chapter 2 The Research Process Coming to Terms From Problem to Solution The Language of Research All about Variables Dependent Variables Independent Variables The Relationship between Independent and Dependent Variables Other Important Types of Variables Hypotheses The Null Hypothesis The Research Hypothesis Differences between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis What Makes a Good Hypothesis? Samples and Populations The Concept of Significance Summary Exercises Chapter 3A Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research Selecting a Problem Defining Your Interests Ideas, Ideas, Ideas (and What to Do with Them) From Idea to Research Question to Hypothesis Reviewing the Literature Using General Sources Using Secondary Sources Using Primary Sources Reading and Evaluating Research What Does a Research Article Look Like? Criteria for Judging a Research Study Using Electronic Tools in Your Research Activities Searching Online The Great Search Engines Using Boolean Operators in a Search More about Google Using Bibliographic Database Programs Using the Internet: Beyond Searches Research Activities and the Internet A Bit about E-Mail An Introduction to News Groups and RSS Feeds And, Just a Bit about Web Sites Using Social Media in Research Writing the Literature Review Summary Exercises Chapter 3B The Importance of Practicing Ethics in Research A Bit of History Basic Principles of Ethical Research Protection from Harm Maintenance of Privacy Coercion Informed Consent Confidentiality Debriefing Sharing Benefits Ensuring High Ethical Standards The Role of Professional Organizations A Summary of Ethical Guidelines Ethics and Children Ethics Regarding Online Research Summary Exercises Chapter 4 Sampling and Generalizability Populations and Samples Probability Sampling Strategies Simple Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Strategies Convenience Sampling Quota Sampling Samples, Sample Size, and Sampling Error How Big Is Big? Summary Exercises Chapter 5 Measurement, Reliability, and Validity The Measurement Process Levels of Measurement Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Continuous versus Discrete Variables What Is All the Fuss? Reliability and V alidity: Why They Are Very, Very Important A Conceptual Definition of Reliability Increasing Reliability How Reliability Is Measured Types of Reliability Establishing Reliability: An Example Validity A Conceptual Definition of Validity Types of Validity Establishing Validity: An Example The Relationship between Reliability and Validity Closing (and Very Important) Thoughts Summary Exercises Chapter 6 Methods of Measuring Behavior Tests and Their Development Why Use Tests? What Tests Look Like Types of Tests Achievement Tests Multiple-Choice Achievement Items Attitude Tests Personality Tests Observational Techniques Techniques for Recording Behavior Questionnaires Summary Exercises Chapter 7 Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics Getting Ready for Data Collection The Data Collection Process Constructing Data Collection Forms Coding Data The Ten Commandments of Data Collection Getting Ready for Data Analysis Descriptive Statistics Distributions of Scores Comparing Distributions of Scores Measures of Central Tendency Y ou and Excel—Computing Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability The Range The Standard Deviation You and Excel—Computing Measures of Variability Understanding Distributions The Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve The Mean and the Standard Deviation Standard Scores: Computing and Using z Scores What z Scores Really, Really Mean Summary Exercises Chapter 8 Introducing Inferential Statistics Say Hello to Inferential Statistics! How Inference Works The Role of Chance The Central Limit Theorem The Idea of Statistical Significance Tests of Significance How a Test of Significance Works t-Test for Independent Means How to Select the Appropriate Test You and Excel—Computing a t-Value for a Test of Independent Means Using the ToolPak Some Other Tests of Significance Working with More Than One Dependent Variable Significance versus Meaningfulness Meta-Analysis How Meta-Analyses Are Done Summary Exercises Chapter 9 Nonexperimental Research Descriptive and Correlational Methods Descriptive Research Survey Research How to Conduct Survey Research Correlational Research The Relationship between Variables What Correlation Coefficients Look Like Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Y ou and Excel—Computing a Correlation Using the ToolPak Interpreting the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Summary Exercises Chapter 10 Nonexperimental Research Qualitative Methods Conducting Qualitative Research How Qualitative Research Differs Research Sources Documentation Archival Records Physical Artifacts Direct Observation Participant Observation Focus Groups Case Studies Some Advantages of the Case Study Method Some Disadvantages of the Case Study Method Ethnographies Historical Research Conducting Historical Research The Steps in Historical Research Sources of Historical Data Primary or Secondary Sour ces: Which Are Best? Authenticity and Accuracy The Limitations of Historical Research Qualitative Research Tools Summary Exercises Chapter 11 Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods Experimental Designs Pre-Experimental Designs True Experimental Designs Internal and External V alidity and Experimental Design Threats to Internal Validity Threats to External Validity Increasing Internal and External Validity Internal and External Validity: A Trade-Off? Controlling Extraneous Variables Matching Use of Homogeneous Groups Analysis of Covariance Summary Exercises Chapter 12 Quasi-Experimental Research A Close Cousin to Experimental Research The Quasi-Experimental Method Quasi-Experimental Designs The Nonequivalent Control Group Design The Static Group Comparison Single-Subject Designs Multiple Baseline Designs Evaluating Single-Subject Designs Developmental Research The Utility of Follow-Up Studies The Role of Age in Studying Development Summary Exercises Chapter 13 Writing a Research Proposal The Format of a Research Proposal Appearance Evaluating the Studies You Read Criteria for Judging a Research Study Planning the Actual Research Selecting a Dependent Variable Reviewing a Test Basic Information General Test Information Design and Appearance Reliability Validity Norms Evaluation Selecting a Sample Data Collection and Analysis Selecting an Inferential Statistic Protecting Human Subjects Summary Exercises Chapter 14 Writing a Research Manuscript What a Manuscript Looks Like Title Page Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References Appendices Author Notes Footnotes Table Captions Tables Figure Captions Figures Nuts and Bolts Summary Appendix A: Fifty Excel Shortcuts for the Mac and Windows Appendix B: Sample Data Set Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises Bibliography Glossary Credits Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z

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