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ntroduction. Toward an Integrated Research Paradigm for Psychiatry During the twentieth century, the field of psychiatry and mental health disciplines experienced what Kenneth Kendler (2005) rightly called the battle of paradigms. At the start of the last century, psychiatry was just establishing itself as a medical branch and as a discipline, especially in the German-speaking world. Among others, Kraepelin, Bleuler, and even Freud were discussing which etiopathogenic principles should organize the nascent psychiatry. As George Makari convincingly shown in his book Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis (2008), psychoanaly- sis was, among other things, the proposal that Freud and his group made to the academic world in response to the question of what mental disease is, what causes it, what its mechanisms of production are, and how it should be treated. The story that followed is well-known. During the twentieth century, the rejection by aca- demia of unconscious mental processes and of the notion that it is also possible to become ill due to biographical reasons led to the development of psychoanalysis as an independent hermeneutic discipline, which sought to become epistemologically autonomous. However, the illusion of autarky has resulted in a psychoanalysis that is isolated from natural science and the rest of the disciplines of the mind. This situ- ation may have been inevitable, given that even though Freud never abandoned the idea that the mind and brain are two sides of the same coin and that at some point we would eventually discover drugs that could modify pathological behavior,

ix Contents Part I Epistemology, Epidemiology, Psychopathology and History of Depression 1 The Study of Depression in the Frame of the New Research Paradigm in Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Juan Pablo Jiménez, Alberto Botto, and Peter Fonagy 2 Psychopathology of Depression in the Spectrum of Mood Disorders 31 Paul A. Vöhringer, Pablo Martinez, and José Manuel Arancibia 3 Epidemiology of Depression: Burden of Disease, Trends, and the Contributions of Social Epidemiology to the Study of Its Causes . . . 47 Rubén Alvarado and María Soledad Burrone 4 Idioms of Depression in Contemporary Individualistic Societies: The United States and Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Claudio Maino Orrego Part II Etiopathogenic Theories and Models 5 Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories on Depression . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber 6 Theory and Interventions in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Andrés Beltrán-Gabrie, Daniela Lira, Vanetza E. Quezada-Scholz, and Tomas Arriaza 7 Genetic and Epigenetic Determinants of Depression: From Basic Research to Translational Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Luis A. Salazar and Tomás Zambrano x 8 Neurobiology of Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Hernán Silva 9 A Dimensional and Dynamic Approach to the Neurobiology of Mood Disorders: On Intermediate Phenotypes and Their Interaction with Early Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Ulises Ríos 10 Psychophysiology and Psychoneuroendocrinology of Stress and Reward in Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Jaime R. Silva, Franco Medina, and Manuel S. Ortiz 11 Depression and (Expert) Culture: Psychiatric, Regulatory and Moral Frameworks Underpinning the Absence of Depression in Occupational Health in Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Sofía Bowen 12 Poverty, Social Inequity, and Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Alvaro Vergés Part III Evolution and Development as an Integrating Framework 13 An Integrative Developmental Psychopathology Approach to Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Patrick Luyten and Peter Fonagy 14 Depression and Personality Dysfunction: Moving from Descriptive Comorbidity to the Identification of Common Intermediate Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Alex Behn and Mariane Krause 15 Gender and Depression: Women, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Caroline Leighton and Claudio Martínez Part IV Clinical Practice as a Meeting Place for Etiopathogenic Models 16 Models in Depression and Clinical Judgment, or How to Use Different Etiopathogenic Models with a Particular Patient . . . . . . . . 315 Juan Pablo Jiménez and Alberto Botto Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

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