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Cover Half Title Elastomer Blends and Composites: Principles, Characterization, Advances, and Applications Copyright Contents Contributors Preface 1. Introduction to elastomers 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Vulcanization/cross-linking in elastomers 1.3 Elastomeric composites and blends 1.4 Recent developments in elastomeric blends and composites 1.4.1 NR-based elastomers 1.4.2 EPDM-based elastomers 1.4.3 Silicone rubber 1.4.4 Olefin thermoplastic elastomer 1.4.5 Biodegradable elastomers 1.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 2. Manufacturing methods of elastomer blends and composites 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Preparation techniques 2.2.1 Solvent casting 2.2.2 Freeze drying 2.2.3 Spray drying 2.2.4 Latex stage compounding 2.2.5 Heterocoagulation approach 2.2.6 In situ polymerization 2.2.7 Melt blending/extrusion 2.2.8 Solid-state shear pulverization 2.2.9 Liquid crystal elastomer 2.2.10 Soft and biostable elastomer 2.2.11 Short fiber reinforced elastomer composite 2.2.12 Surface-modified flax elastomer composites 2.2.13 Modeling for randomly oriented multimaterial 2.2.14 Silicone composites 2.3 Conclusion References 3. Elastomer-based blends 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Compatibilization of elastomer-based blends 3.3 Impact of nanofillers on elastomer-based blends 3.4 Fabrication methods of elastomers 3.5 Processing and characterization methods of elastomers-based blends 3.6 Properties of elastomers-based blends 3.7 Applications of elastomer-based blends 3.7.1 Self-healable elastomer blends 3.7.2 Food packaging application of elastomer-based blends 3.7.3 Mechanical performance of elastomer-based blends 3.8 Conclusion References 4. Elastomer-based filler composites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Preparation and properties of fillers 4.2.1 Carbon black 4.2.2 Silica 4.2.3 Different fillers 4.2.3.1 Magnetic fillers 4.2.3.2 Copper nanowire 4.2.3.3 Hybrid fillers (TiO2-Graphene) 4.2.3.4 Piezoelectric (PZT) and silver-coated glass microsphere fillers 4.2.3.5 SBS (styrene–butadiene–styrene/multiwall) carbon nanotubes fillers 4.2.3.6 Carbon nanotubes and hybrid fillers 4.2.3.7 Graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), expanded graphite (EG), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 4.2.3.8 3D graphene foam filler 4.2.3.9 Boron nitride filled in polyolefin elastomer 4.2.3.10 Expanded graphite filled with styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer 4.2.3.11 Gamma-ferrite additive to carbonyl iron (CI) natural rubber (NR) composite 4.2.4 Glycerol filler 4.3 Conclusions and perspectives References 5. Engineering applications of elastomer blends and composites 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Elastomer blends and composites processing methods 5.2.1 Extrusion (twin or single screw) 5.2.2 Brabender 5.2.3 Two roll mills 5.2.4 Radiation method 5.3 Elastomer blends and composites engineering applications 5.3.1 Biomedical engineering applications 5.3.2 Ocean engineering applications 5.3.3 Agriculture engineering applications 5.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 6. Rheology of elastomer blends and composites 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Basic aspects of rheology 6.3 Basic key terms 6.4 Rheological models 6.5 Newtonian fluids (viscous liquids) 6.6 Non-Newtonian fluids 6.7 Conditions affecting the rheological properties of materials 6.8 Effect of temperature 6.9 Effect of the system structure at the micro-/nano-scale 6.10 Applied rheology in elastomers, blends, and composites thereof 6.11 Static versus dynamic rheological tests 6.12 Laboratory tests and instrumentations 6.13 Cone-and-plate rheometer 6.14 Capillary viscometer 6.15 Mooney viscometer 6.16 Constitutive rheological models 6.17 Uncured rubber melts 6.18 Elastomer blends 6.19 Elastomer composites 6.20 Conclusions References 7. Morphological characteristics of elastomer blends and composites 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Morphology 7.2.1 Optical microscopy(OM) 7.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) 7.2.3 Atomic force microscopy(AFM) 7.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) 7.2.5 Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) 7.3 Effect of plant fiber-reinforced elastomer composites 7.4 Effect of synthetic fiber-reinforced elastomer composites 7.5 Conclusions References 8. Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends and composites 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mechanical behavior of elastomer blends 8.3 SMP of elastomer blends 8.4 DMP of elastomer blends 8.5 Mechanical behavior of elastomer composites 8.6 SMP of elastomer composites 8.7 DMP of elastomer composites 8.8 Conclusions References 9. Thermal behavior of elastomer blends and composites 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Thermodynamics of the rubber–rubber and rubber–polymer blends 9.3 Thermal behavior of blends 9.3.1 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DSC technique 9.3.2 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by DMA technique 9.3.3 Thermal behavior analysis of elastomeric blends by TGA 9.4 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites 9.4.1 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DSC technique 9.4.2 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites analyzed by DMA technique 9.4.3 Thermal behavior of elastomeric composites based on TGA technique 9.5 Conclusion References 10. Viscoelastic behavior of elastomer blends and composites 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Viscoelasticity: a property of materials 10.1.2 Constitutive models of linear viscoelasticity 10.1.3 Dynamic loading and responses 10.2 Viscoelasticity of elastomer blends 10.3 Viscoelasticity of elastomer composites 10.4 Conclusion References 11. Spectroscopy of elastomer blends and composites 11.1 Introduction 11.2 FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy 11.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy 11.4 NMR spectroscopy 11.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering studies of elastomer blends and composites 12.1 Focus 12.2 X-ray diffraction 12.2.1 The beginnings of WAXD 12.2.2 Properties of X-rays 12.2.3 Choosing the wavelength 12.2.4 Filters versus monochromators 12.3 Methods in X-ray scattering 12.3.1 X-ray scattering and polymers 12.4 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction, WAXD 12.4.1 WAXD configurations 12.4.2 X-ray patterns and preferred orientation 12.4.3 Amorphous state and random microcrystallinity 12.4.4 Detection systems 12.4.5 Remarks 12.5 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) 12.5.1 The beginnings of SAXS 12.5.2 SAXS and polymers 12.5.3 Diffuse small-angle scattering 12.5.3.1 Guinier law 12.5.3.2 Fractal structure 12.5.3.3 Scattering equivalents 12.5.4 Discrete small-angle scattering 12.5.4.1 Two-phase model and Lorentz correction 12.5.4.2 Invariant and radial correlation function 12.5.5 Instrumentation for small-angle X-ray scattering 12.6 Applications 12.7 Synchrotron scattering 12.8 Conclusions References Further reading 13. Theoretical modeling and simulation of elastomer blends and nanocomposites 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Simulations of elastomers 13.2.1 Thermoplastic elastomers 13.2.2 Thermosetting elastomers 13.3 Modeling study of elastomer blends and composites 13.3.1 Thermal modeling 13.3.2 Mechanical modeling 13.3.3 Rheological modeling 13.4 Major concern/challenges 13.5 Conclusion and future scope References 14. Recycling of elastomer blends and composites 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Devulcanization methods 14.2.1 Chemical method 14.2.2 Ultrasound method 14.2.3 Microwave methods 14.2.4 Thermomechanical methods 14.2.5 Biological methods 14.2.6 Supercritical methods 14.3 Value-added products from revulcanized elastomeric blends and composites 14.4 Conclusion 14.5 Future perspectives References Further reading 15. Applications of elastomer blends and composites 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Polyurethane-based elastomer blends and composites 15.2.1 Polyurethane-based flame-retardant elastomer 15.2.2 Polyurethane-based self-healing elastomer 15.2.3 Polyurethane-based shape memory elastomer 15.2.4 Polyurethane-based sensing elastomer 15.3 Silicone-based elastomer blends and composites 15.4 Ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM)-based elastomer 15.5 Other elastomers 15.5.1 Fluorocarbon elastomer 15.5.2 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber elastomer 15.6 Conclusions References 16. Properties of elastomer–biological phenolic resin composites 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Biological phenolic resin 16.2.1 Phenolic compounds from biomass-based 16.2.2 Thermoplastic versus thermoset biological phenolic resin 16.2.3 Elastomeric properties of thermoset and thermoplastic BPR 16.3 Properties of blended composite 16.3.1 Rheological characteristics 16.3.2 Physical attributes 16.3.3 Mechanical performances 16.3.4 Thermal properties 16.4 Conclusion 16.5 Future trend Acknowledgments References 17. Advances in stimuli-responsive and functional thermoplastic elastomers 17.1 Overview of thermoplastic elastomers and their applications 17.2 Introduction to model block copolymers as TPEs 17.3 Physical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications 17.3.1 Fabrication and properties of TPEGs 17.3.2 Stimuli-responsive and electrically conductive TPEGs 17.4 Chemical modification of nonpolar TPEs and their applications 17.5 Morphological development and applications of charged TPEs 17.6 Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Cover back

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