لایب سان

Author(s): Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Centre for Tax Policy and Administration.

Publisher: OECD, Year: 2021

ISBN: 9789264358911,9264358919,9789264854635,9264854630

4  EFFECTIVE CARBON RATES 2021 © OECD 2021 Table of contents Foreword 3 Executive Summary 6 1 Introduction 9 References 11 2 Carbon pricing works 12 References 13 Notes 14 3 How far do we need to go (to decarbonise)? 15 References 16 Notes 17 4 Attainment of near term carbon pricing benchmarks, the carbon pricing score and the gap 18 Fuel excise taxes dominate effective marginal and effective average carbon rates 20 Divergence in carbon pricing progress 22 The strength of carbon pricing varies across sectors 23 A handful of carbon pricing leaders attain high carbon pricing scores 24 Reforms can increase the carbon pricing score 25 Annex 4.A. The carbon pricing score excluding emissions from the combustion of biomass 27 References 28 Notes 29 5 The bigger carbon pricing picture 30 Climate effects 31 Economic output effects 33 References 35 Notes 36 The permit price increase and the emission decrease in the EU ETS 37 References 38 Tables Table 4.1. Progress varies significantly across sectors 23  5 EFFECTIVE CARBON RATES 2021 © OECD 2021 Table 4.2. Some countries attain high carbon pricing scores 24 Table 4.3. ETS reform can increase the carbon pricing score 26 Figures Figure 1.1. Components of the Effective Carbon Rate 10 Figure 4.1. The Carbon Pricing Score 20 Figure 4.2. Between 2015 and 2018, carbon pricing scores increased most where they were relatively high 22 Figure 5.1. Countries with a higher carbon pricing score are more carbon efficient 32 Figure 5.2. Countries that increase their carbon pricing score also become more carbon efficient 33 Figure 5.3. Countries closer to the carbon pricing benchmark have a higher GDP per capita 34 Figure 5.4. Countries that progress more with carbon pricing show a stronger increase in GDP per capita 35 Boxes Box 4.1. Effective marginal carbon rates (EMCRs) and effective average carbon rates (EACRs) 21

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