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ISBN 978-3-031-17769-9 ISBN 978-3-031-17770-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17770-5
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David Sims
Economist and Urban Development
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Cairo, Eg

vii Part I Inside the Donor World 1 1 Background: A Sketch of the Development Industry 3 Why Call It an Industry? 3 A Strange Industry Indeed 5 The Size of the Industry 7 Growth of the Industry 9 The Money, Its Sources, and Its Management 9 Who’s Who in the Industry? 16 Towards What Sectors Does Development Aid Go? 36 What Countries Are the Beneficiaries of All This Development Aid? 37 Summing Up: Does Anything Ever Change? 38 References 38 2 The Imperative to Spend 43 Deploring the Spending Obsession, and Then Moving on to Spend Even More 44 Sourcing the Money 48 Attempts to Suspend or Stop the Money Flows: Never Just Say No 51 What Happens When an Aid Budget Is Increased Dramatically? 52 Spending Aid Allocations on Time 54 contents viii CONTENTS Motivations to Move the Money 55 The Imperative to Spend Permeates All Facets of the Industry 57 References 58 3 Product Development 61 A Bit of History 61 Today Donor Backyards Are Everywhere 63 Some Call It Fragmentation 65 Project Pipelines: Donor Plates Are Heaped Full, but There Is Always Room for More 67 Mechanisms for Heaping on Ever More Products 69 Failed Attempts to Rationalize, Specialize, and Concentrate 72 Summing Up: Product Development Is a Donor’s Core Competency 76 References 77 4 Control, Compliance, and More Control 79 Donors Avoiding Corruption, or ‘No Mud Sticks on Us’ 81 Designing Projects with Zero-Embarrassment Safeguards 82 Control Through Financing Agreements, Contracts, Covenants, and Oversight Arrangements 85 Managing Risks in a Risk-Avoidance World 87 Donors and Fake Transparency 87 ‘External Communications’ as Control 89 Control Through Public Relations Firms 91 Control, Communications, and ‘Promoting Ourselves to Ourselves’ 91 Criticism Is Not Welcome 92 Evaluation as Another Means of Control 93 Controlling Show Time 93 Summing Up: Irrelevance Is the Cost of Running a Tight Ship 94 References 95 5 Procurement 97 Development Procurement and Its Global Markets 98 Terms of Reference and Wishful Thinking 107 Expertise 110 Consulting and Contracting Firms 117 References 124 ixCONTENTS 6 Numbers, Indicators, and Technical Objectivity 127 A Bit of History 128 The Nature of the ‘Technical Game’ in Development 129 Poor Statistics in the Rest 130 Macro Numbers and the God GDP 131 Dense Data and Cross-Country Score Cards 133 Project-Level Numbers and Mechanistic Games 135 Objectifying the Poor and Sidestepping Inequality 136 Summing Up 138 References 139 7 Chronic Ills of the Industry 141 Dubious Evaluations and Lessons Never Learned 141 Poor Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of Donor Investments 145 Reinventing the Wheel and Institutional Amnesia 146 Systemic Delays 149 Lost Good Work and Lost Opportunities 151 Language Barriers 152 Privileged Bubbles and Donor Elitism 154 References 155 8 Acts of Congregation 157 The Cascade of Development Conferences and Confabs 158 Conference Mechanics 159 Conference Costs 161 Who Attends? 162 The Attractiveness of Events 163 Criticisms of the Phenomenon 164 Summing Up 165 References 166 9 Texts and Documents 169 A Bewildering Range of Donor Documents 170 Guiding Principles in the Preparation of Development Documents 174 Jargon, Buzzwords, and Other Development Babble 177 Who Produces All This Textual Stuff? 179 Summing Up 180 References 180 x CONTENTS 10 Herd Instinct 183 The Rollout of Different Development Fashions Over 50 Years 184 Characteristics of Fads and Fashions 185 What Drives the Penchant for Fads? 186 Faddism Has Some Serious Negative Effects 187 ‘Innovation’ as a Marker of Faddism as Well as a Fad Itself 187 Resilience: Fad du jour or Fashion of the Century? 189 Political Economy Analysis: Fad du jour or Useful Tool? 192 References 199 11 Plus Ça Change 203 The History of Donor Agencies and Their Obsessions with ‘Change’ 204 Do Donor Agencies Ever Really Change? 208 Financing the Private Sector and ‘Billions to Trillions’ 208 Climate Change and Green Economies: Old Wine in New Bottles? 210 The UN System: ‘Cacophony into Symphony’ 213 The SDGs and Raising the Talk About Change to New Levels 214 Why Such an Obsession with Change and Reform? 215 References 217 12 Responses to Covid-19 221 Covid-19 and Donor Funding 221 Donors Remaining Relevant: Generating Covid Related Projects 222 Jobs in Development: Could There Be a Welcome Change? 224 Virtual Events: A New Mode in the Development Industry? 225 Talking Big and Hope Eternal 226 References 227 Part II When the West Meets the Rest 229 13 Background: Governments in the Rest 231 Mostly, a Depressing Picture 232 How Did Things Get This Way? 234 Typical Government Weaknesses and Failings Today 237 Corruption? What Corruption? 241 Some Exceptions? 244 xiCONTENTS Is the Development State a Panacea? 245 Government Reform Efforts and Donors 246 Summing Up 248 References 248 14 Donor Overload 251 Clogging Up Recipient Bureaucracies and Confusing Everyone 252 Recipient Attempts to Manage the Flood 256 Another Kind of Overload: Monopolizing Country Knowledge 258 Donor Overload and the ‘Foreign Fingers’ Complex 262 References 263 15 Partnerships? 265 A Bit of History 266 Political and Foreign Policy Preconditions 267 Negotiations and Negotiating Capital 268 Uncertainties After Negotiations: Can Both Sides Keep to Their Promises? 270 Project Formulation: Partnerships Fray Long Before Anything Starts 271 Project Implementation 274 Summing Up 275 References 276 16 Country Ownership? 277 Some History 278 ‘Ownership’ at Macro Policy Levels 279 Ownership at the Project Level 282 Alignment of Financial Procedures and Harmonization of Budgets 284 What Are the Results of These Obsessions with ‘Ownership’ and ‘Alignment’ 286 Demand-Driven Development as Ownership? 287 Summing Up 289 References 290 17 Pay Scales 293 Salaries and Perks in the Donor World 294 Donor Local Hires: Relatively Well Paid, but ... 297 xii CONTENTS Recipient Government Salaries and the Absurdity of ‘Partnership’ 298 What Are the Consequences of Pay Differentials? What Is the Effect on Partnerships? 301 Brain Drain and Poaching Talent 302 Summing Up 303 References 304 18 The Rest Strikes Back 307 Clever Manipulations at Strategic Levels 308 Postures and Reactions at Project Levels 311 Why Are These Negative Stances and Postures so Popular? And What Are the Effects? 315 References 317 19 Blind Support for the Private Sector 319 Crony and Dandy Capitalists, Economic Power, and the Missing Middle 322 Donors and Connected Capitalists 325 References 330 20 Informality 333 How Did Informality Become so Massive in Developing Countries? 334 Informality in Developing Countries: A Defining Feature? 336 Informal Employment and Informal Enterprises 337 Informal Urbanization in the Rest 346 Conclusion: Informality Left to Fester and Huge Opportunities Lost 350 References 351 Part III Conclusions 355 21 Summing Up 357 The Dysfunction Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts 357 The Development Industry Cannot Function Even as Donors Themselves Would Wish 360 xiiiCONTENTS The Development Industry Is Locked into an Increasingly Self-Referential ‘Processism’ 361 The Development Industry Is Evermore Anchored in the West 361 The Development Industry Creates a Symbiotic Dependency 362 Donor Overload Permeates Host Countries, Something Donors Cannot See 364 Donor-Recipient Partnerships Are Rife with Tensions and Obstructionist Undercurrents 365 Among Donors, Is There an Undercurrent of Malaise and a Need to Seek Legitimacy? 367 Informality Is the Joker in the Pack 369 What the Donor World Is Best at: Self-Promotion and Self- Perpetuation 370 Development Pathways Beyond the Development Industry? 372 The Original Sin 372 References 373 22 Peering into the Future 375 Ideas for Change 377 Could Less Be More? And Could Aid Be Shrunk? 378 Could Any of These Less-Is-More Mechanisms Be Made to Work? 381 Development Cooperation Is Trapped in Its Own Survival Instinct 383 References 383 Index 385

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