لایب سان

ISBN 978-3-031-17673-9 ISBN 978-3-031-17674-6 (eBook)
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xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Primacy of Institutions or Economy: Distribution or Production? 7 1.3 Bringing More Diversity to ‘Diversity of Capitalisms’ 10 1.4 Anfal and Economic Reductionism 12 1.5 Critical Order: Destructive Coordination 14 1.6 Research Method 17 1.7 Background of the Present Book 18 References 19 2 Economic Systems, Modes of Production, and Coordination 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Endogenous Explanations of Social Order and Crisis 24 2.3 Two Levels of Defining Economic Systems 28 2.4 Market Coordination 34 2.5 Authoritative Coordination 37 2.6 Cooperative Coordination 41 2.7 Destructive Coordination 44 2.8 Political Economy of Coordination 54 2.9 Complementarity and Articulation Problem 56 2.10 Other Related Classifications 59 2.11 Conclusion 64 References 66 contents xviii CONTENTS 3 Conceptualizing Destructive Coordination 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Theoretical Background 75 3.3 Destructive Coordination in a One-Shot Game: Traffic Circles 77 3.4 Destructive Coordination in a Repeated Game: Prison 81 3.5 Destructive Coordination and Predatory Appropriation 88 3.6 Biopiracy: Res Nullius and Privatization 89 3.7 Destructive Coordination and Disarticulation Problem 95 3.8 Conclusion 98 References 100 4 Political Capitalism, its Varieties, and Islam 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 The Term Capitalism and Diversity of Capitalisms 107 4.3 Weber: Market Versus Political Capitalism 109 4.4 Political Capitalism and Crony Capitalism 112 4.5 General Characteristics of Political Capitalism 113 4.6 Market Capitalism and Great Demarcation 119 4.7 Varieties of Political Capitalism: The North American Case 122 4.8 Varieties of Political Capitalism: The Chinese Case 126 4.9 Varieties of Political Capitalism: The Natural Resource Curse 130 4.10 Islam and Capitalism 133 4.11 Conclusion 138 References 140 5 Anfal and Islamic Economics 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Anfal in Koran and the Battle of Badr 148 5.3 Contradictory Verses on Anfal 153 5.4 Anfal and the Prophet’s Practices 155 Lands and Properties of Banu al-Nadir 155 Fadak 156 5.5 The Place of Anfal in the Islamic Public Finance 159 5.6 Examples and Definition of Anfal in the Shi’i Islam 165 5.7 Anfal and the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 170 Anfal and Article 45 172 Anfal and Article 44 177 xixCONTENTS 5.8 Anfal: The Missing Point in the Economic Literature 182 5.9 Shi’i Islam and Islamic Political Capitalism 186 5.10 Conclusion 189 References 190 6 Anfal in Practice and Islamic Political Capitalism 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Institutional Complementarity and General Pattern of Anfal’s Progression 198 6.3 Phase 1: Anfal in Khomeini Era (1979–1989) 204 6.4 Holding Structure of BMJ and Islamic Charities 207 6.5 Anfal and Islamic ‘Welfare State’ 209 6.6 Anfal’s Progression in its First Phase and Islamic Banks 216 6.7 Phase 2: Anfal and the Transition Period (1989–2005) 220 6.8 Setad: The Extension of Anfal and Establishment of a New Giant Holding 224 6.9 Anfal’s Progression in its Second Phase and Islamic Banks 230 6.10 Alliance of Anfal and Sepah 235 6.11 Conclusion 245 References 247 7 Privatization Decree: Liberalization or Islamization? 253 7.1 Introduction 253 7.2 Privatization Background Under Rafsanjani and Khatami 256 7.3 Khamenei’s Privatization Decree: Objectives, Process, and Outcomes 264 7.4 Confusing Definitions of Non-state Public Sector 273 7.5 Privatization Decree and the Third Phase of Anfal’s Progression (2006–Now) 278 7.6 Anfal and Authoritative Coordination 284 7.7 Anfal and Market Coordination 286 7.8 Anfal and Cooperative Coordination 292 7.9 Anfal and Destructive Coordination 298 7.10 Conclusion 301 References 303 xx CONTENTS 8 Islamic Political Capitalism and Economics of Predation 309 8.1 Introduction 309 8.2 Economic and Booty Value of an Asset 313 8.3 Oil as a Mixed (Pure) Captive Asset 318 8.4 Complementarity between Predation and Production: The Shah’s Political Capitalism 324 8.5 Predation Versus Production: Islamic Political Capitalism 330 8.6 Capital and Labor Flight as a Typical Economic Behavior 342 8.7 Economics of Hoarding 350 8.8 Anfal and Ecological Disaster 360 8.9 Conclusion 367 References 368 9 Epilogue 375 References 388 References 389 Index 425 xxi Fig. 2.1 Cumulative Causation between Mode of Coordination and Mode of Production 33 Fig. 3.1 Traffic circle game 79 Fig. 3.2 Territorial conflict in prison 85 Fig. 3.3 The probability of aggression and imprisonment 87 Fig. 6.1 A Parallel System of Pension Funds in Post-Revolutionary Iran 213 Fig. 7.1 Value of Iran’s oil exports ($US billion). (X-axis shows the first to eighth years of each president’s term). Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012 (author’s estimate for the last year of Ahmadinejad’s term) 267 Fig. 7.2 Iranian current account balance ($US billion). (X-axis shows the first to eighth years of each president’s term). Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2012 268 Fig. 7.3 Share of each mechanism in transferring the state assets in terms of 2004 constant price for the period 1990–2000 (%) 272 Fig. 7.4 The value of divested state assets in terms of 2004 constant price for the period 2001–2011 (billion rials) 272 Fig. 7.5 The impossible trinity of Anfal 278 Fig. 7.6 Islamic political capitalism 302 Fig. 8.1 Circuit of economics of hoarding 357 list of figuRes xxiii Table 2.1 Kornai’s models of the capitalist and socialist system 29 Table 2.2 Traditional and modern market coordination 36 Table 2.3 Two different types of authoritative coordination 40 Table 2.4 Two different types of cooperative coordination 43 Table 2.5 Destructive coordination 51 Table 2.6 Economic systems and dominant forms of coordination 52 Table 2.7 A comparison among different modes of coordination and property ownerships 53 Table 5.1 Comparative analysis of liberal market capitalism versus Islamic political capitalism 189 Table 6.1 Number of Islamic loan funds (1979–2014) 216 Table 6.2 First phase of Anfal (1979–1989) 219 Table 6.3 First and second phase of Anfal 244 Table 7.1 Foreign debt, 1989–1993, in billions of US dollars at constant prices 261 Table 7.2 Transfer of property from state to non-state sectors 263 Table 7.3 Different types of privatizations and its beneficiaries 273 Table 7.4 The three phases of Anfal 282 Table 7.5 Political domination of destructive coordination (1979–1989) 299 Table 7.6 Political and economic domination of destructive coordination (1989–2005) 300 Table 7.7 Political and economic domination of destructive coordination (2006–now) 301 Table 8.1 A comparative study of the classical socialist system with the Islamic political capitalism 310 Table 8.2 Types of assets and state space 317 Table 8.3 Quarterly rating of investment security 338 list of tAbles xxiv LIST OF TABLES Table 8.4 Estimation of annual average illicit capital flows for the period 1984–1993 (billion dollars) 350 Table 9.1 Economic processes and institutional primacy 376 Table 9.2 A comparative study of Shi’i political capitalism with classical socialist system and liberal market capitalism 380

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