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2 In the first section of this chapter, I examine in detail Merleau-Ponty’s phe- nomenological approach, in particular the notion that “the theory of the body is already a theory of perception” (Merleau-Ponty 2012, p. 209). The second section extends the discussion, offering a general theory regarding how we perceive the world through the body, focusing mainly on the sensorimotor feedback loops and the concept of knowing how. The final section explores the boundaries of our cognition, presenting the idea that cognitive activity leaks through the lived body into the world: First, I will discuss how various tech- nologies reshape the boundaries of the lived body, leading to a change in the I-Can field. Subsequently, I will concentrate on how we build robots without a central system. In the third part of this section, we will explore metaphors, in particular how they emerge from our bodily presence in the world. I will close this section by calling upon readers to keep their minds open—to allow the cognitive system to leak out into the world and the world to pene- trate inside. 1.1 The Phenomenology of the Body According to Merleau-Ponty If the subject is in a situation, or even if the subject is nothing other than a pos- sibility of situations, this is because he only achieves his ipseity by actually being a body and by entering into the world through this body. If I find, while reflect- ing upon the essence of the body, that it is tied to the essence of the world, this is because my existence as subjectivity is identical with my existence as a body and with the existence of the world, and because, ultimately, the subject that I am, understood concretely, is inseparable from this particular body and from this particular world. The ontological world and body that we uncover at the core of the subject are not the world and the body as ideas; rather, they are the world itself condensed into a comprehensive hold and the body itself as a knowing-body (Merleau-Ponty 2012, p. 431). 1.1.1 Return to the Primary Meeting with the World Phenomenology, as Merleau-Ponty wrote at the beginning of his monumental book, Phenomenology of Perception, first published in 1945, is the attempt to probe and to understand the essence of our existence before reflection took control of our lives and shaped how we understand human existence. For Merleau-Ponty, phenomenology is pre-reflective, an attempt to describe human experience, yet not from the viewpoint of judgmental consciousness:

xi 1 Phenomenology of the Body 1 1.1 The Phenomenology of the Body According to Merleau-Ponty 2 1.2 Perceiving the World through Movement 14 1.3 Embodied Cognition 24 1.4 Concluding Remarks 35 Bibliography 36 2 The Subjective Experience During Altered States of Consciousness 39 2.1 Extended Isolation as a Prisoner of War: How It Feels 39 2.2 The Experience of Meditation 59 2.3 Conclusions 85 Bibliography 86 3 Embodied Consciousness 89 3.1 The Structure of Consciousness 89 3.2 The Internal Horizon 105 Bibliography 113 4 Concluding Essay: The Knowing-Body and a World of Meaning 115 Bibliography 117 Contents xii Contents Epilogue 119 Appendix: Phenomenology as a Method 127 Bibliography 137 Index 145

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