لایب سان

Author(s): Henry Gao, Weihuan Zhou

Series: Cambridge International Trade and Economic Law

Publisher: Cambridge University Press, Year: 2022

ISBN: 1108830064,9781108830065

6.3 CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables xii Foreword xiii   Preface and Acknowledgements xv Table of Cases xvii List of Abbreviations xxii 1 China, State Capitalism and the World Trading System 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 State Capitalism, State-Owned Enterprises and China 4 1.3 International Regulation of State-Owned Enterprises 7 1.4 The Structure of This Book 9 2 The Evolution of China’s Reforms of State-Owned Enterprises (1978–2020) 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 SOE Reform in China: 1978–2012 13 2.2.1 Phase 1 (1978–1986) and Phase 2 (1987–1992): Devolution of Corporate Power 15 2.2.2 Phase 3 (1993–2002): Privatisation, Corporatisation and Modernisation 17 2.2.3 Phase 4 (2003–2012): Creation of National Champions 19 2.3 The Current Reform: Elements, Progress and Issues 23 2.3.1 Classification of SOEs 24 2.3.2 Corporate Governance 26 2.3.3 Ownership Diversification 29 2.3.4 Restructuring and Reorganisation 34 2.3.5 State Asset Management System 38 2.4 A Summary of Current Status and Future Reform 39 2.5 Conclusion 41 ix Published online by Cambridge University Press 3 State Capitalism in China’s Accession to the WTO: Concerns and Solutions 42 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 China and the GATT 42 3.3 Resumption of GATT Contracting Party Status 46 3.4 WTO Accession 52 3.5 Concerns and Solutions on China’s State Capitalism Model 53 3.5.1 The Role of SOEs 54 3.5.2 Pricing Policies and Distortions 57 3.5.3 Industrial Policies and Subsidies 61 3.5.4 Trading Rights 64 3.6 Conclusion 67 4 The Limits of General WTO Rules 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 The Limitations of GATT/WTO Rules in Challenging State Capitalism 69 4.2.1 Non-discrimination and State Trading Enterprises 71 4.2.2 Tariffs and Import Monopoly 77 4.2.3 Quantitative Restrictions and State Trading Enterprises 79 4.2.4 Transparency 80 4.2.5 Anti-dumping 87 4.3 Conclusion 95 5 The Potential of WTO Rules on Industrial Subsidies and China-Specific Obligations 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 China’s WTO-Plus Obligations on State-Owned Enterprises 97 5.3 WTO Subsidy Rules and China-Specific Obligations 102 5.3.1 Covered Types of Subsidies: Financial Contributions and Income/Price Support 102 5.3.2 Public Body 111 5.3.3 Benefits Conferred 114 5.3.4 Specificity 119 5.3.5 Concluding Remarks 125 5.4 Conclusion 125 6 Emerging Approaches to Regulating State-Owned Enterprises: The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and Post-CPTPP Free Trade Agreements 127 6.1 Introduction 127 6.2 An Overview of SOE Rules in Free Trade Agreements 128 x  Published online by Cambridge University Press The CPTPP SOE Chapter 133 6.3.1 Definition of SOE 133 6.3.2 Substantive Obligations: Non-discrimination and Commercial Considerations 137 6.3.3 Non-commercial Assistance 139 6.3.4 Transparency 141 6.3.5 Exceptions and Non-conforming Measures 145 6.4 Development of SOE Rules in Post-CPTPP Free Trade Agreements 148 6.5 Conclusion 153 7 Tackling China’s State Capitalism: WTO Litigation and Trade Negotiation 154 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 WTO Litigation 154 7.2.1 Does WTO Litigation Work? 156 7.2.2 Which Cases? 158 7.2.3 Is There Enough Evidence? 166 7.2.4 How to Bring Them? 167 7.3 Trade Negotiation 170 7.3.1 Bilateral Negotiation 170 7.3.2 Multilateral Negotiation 172 7.4 Conclusion 183 8 Conclusion: The Potential of Multilateralism 185 Index 192

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