لایب سان

Author(s): Dallos, Rudi

Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press, Year: 2015

ISBN: 978-0-335-26455-1,978-0-33-526454-4,0-33-526454-9

Contents List of figures and tables xiii About the authors xv Foreword to the Fourth Edition xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxii Introduction 1 Experiences of systemic and family therapy 1 A family’s view 1 Two therapists’ views 4 What is the ‘family’? 5 The family life cycle 7 Allowing the family a voice 9 The organizing framework of this book 10 Key texts offering a historical overview of systemic and family therapy 14 Setting the scene – 1950s 15 1 The first phase – 1950s to mid-1970s 27 Cultural landscape 27 Influential people and ideas 28 Seeds of systemic and family therapy 28 Systemic thinking – from intrapsychic to interpersonal 32 Systems theory – biological analogy 33 Emergent properties of a system 34 Circularities 34 Triads, triangulation, and conflict detouring 37 Rules, pattern, and process 39Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. viii C O N T E N T S Feedback 40 Family coordination through communication 40 Double-bind concept 40 Meta-communication 41 Open and closed systems 42 Family homeostasis 42 Family life cycle 43 Practice 45 Structural family therapy 45 Beliefs and structures 46 Therapeutic orientations 47 Directive stance 48 Strategic family therapy 50 Beliefs and premises 53 Strategic tasks 55 Commentary 57 Gender and shifting inequalities of power 57 Normative assumptions of life-cycle models 59 Key texts 59 Skill guides 60 Family sculpting 60 Family tree and time line 62 Reframing 65 2 The second phase – mid-1970s to mid-1980s 66 Cultural landscape 66 Influential people and ideas 68 Second-order cybernetics 68 Meta-communication 69 Communication 70 The person as private ‘biosphere’ 73 Intention 73 Beliefs and actions in triads 73 Ecological perspective – multiple systems 75 Observing systems 75 Practice 75 Hypothesizing 75 Reframing 76 Co-construction of shared histories 78 Commentary 78 Moral and political implications 79 Power 80 Milan approach 80 Positive connotation 81 Key texts 82Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. C O N T E N T S ix Skill guides 83 Teamwork 83 Hypothesizing 84 Positive connotation 86 Circular questioning 87 Transformational change 88 3 The third phase – mid-1980s to 2000 89 Cultural landscape 89 Theoretical perspectives 90 Connections and links to the first and second phases of systemic family therapy 92 Influential people and ideas 93 View of the person – construction of experience 96 Practice 99 Brief solution-focused therapy 100 Reflecting teams 102 Narrative therapies 103 Externalizing problems 104 Writing 105 Feminist therapies 105 Power and the construction of reality 106 Culturally available stories 107 Commentary – feminist orientations 108 Key texts 110 Skill guides 112 Consultation 112 Externalizing the problem 113 Collaborative inquiry 114 Reflecting processes 116 Relevance and usefulness 116 4 Emotions and attachments as the driving force in family systems 118 Emotions and early family therapy concepts 121 Triangulation 121 The double-bind 122 Attachment theory 124 Attachment as a fundamental instinct 124 Attachment strategies 126 Internal working models and representational systems 128 Choice and autonomy: corrective scripts and representational systems 130 Attachment and trauma 131 Family life cycle and attachments 133 Attachments: from dyads to triads 134Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. x C O N T E N T S Attachment-oriented systemic therapies 135 Circle of Security intervention 136 Attachment-based family therapy 138 Attachment narrative therapy 141 Reflections and summary 144 Key texts 144 5 Systemic formulation and formulating 147 Systemic theory: formulation and formulating 148 The first phase 150 The second phase – progressive hypothesizing 151 The third phase 152 A case example of systemic formulation 153 Genograms 153 Deconstructing the problem 154 Contextual factors 155 Beliefs and explanations 156 Problem-maintaining patterns and feedback loops 157 Emotions and attachments 157 Synthesis 158 Formulations: Mary and Janet 158 Formulating 159 Commentary 163 Key texts 164 Skill guide 165 Systemic formulation 165 6 Twenty-first century practice development: conversations across the boundaries of models 168 Cultural landscape 168 Practice 170 Working with addictions 171 Working with post-divorce processes and contact disputes 177 Work in forensic contexts 182 Working with eating disorders using an attachment narrative therapy (ANT) approach 187 Psychosis and multiple family group therapy (MFGT) 194 Cognitive behavioural family therapy (CBFT): conduct disorders 197 Commentary 201 Formulation 202 Contexts 202 Patterns and processes 203 Multiple models 203 Key texts 204Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. C O N T E N T S xi 7 Couple therapy 208 Culture, family and couples contexts 209 Coordinated management of meaning 209 The family and couple systems 210 Cultural contexts 213 Divorce and mediation 213 Approaches to couple therapy 214 Integrative therapy – the politics of passion 214 Emotionally focused couple therapy 215 The Gottman method 217 Influential people, ideas, and services 218 Twenty-first century practice and service developments 222 Commentary 224 Key texts 226 8 Research and evaluation 229 Introduction 229 Why conduct research? 230 Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence 231 Cost-effectiveness 232 Practice-based evidence 233 Science, research, and systemic therapy 237 Varieties of research 238 Evaluation research: does family therapy work? 241 Meta-analysis 241 Group comparison evaluative studies 244 Evaluative case studies 246 Observational studies 247 Questionnaire and self-report studies 248 Therapy process research 248 A therapeutic process study 249 In-depth single case process study 250 Exploring the experience of family therapy 250 Family theory research 252 A participant observational study 253 Interview studies 253 A conjoint interview study 254 Case study series 255 Discussion and reflections 256 Key texts 257 Varieties of research 257 Family therapy outcome studies 258 9 Reflections 2015 265 Current state of the art 267 Crystal-ball gazing 270Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. xii C O N T E N T S Developmental perspectives 270 Review and summary 271 Integrations 272 Postscripts 274 Topic reading lists 287 Formats for exploration 383 Glossary of terms 399 British texts 405 References 410 Index 431Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Circularity encapsulating a ‘peripheral father role’ 35 1.2 Linear vs. circular causality I 36 1.3 Linear vs. circular causality II 36 1.4 Conflict detouring in a work setting 38 1.5 A simple cybernetic system 39 1.6 The family life cycle: external and internal demands for change 44 1.7 Developmental influences on the family 45 1.8 Change in free fatty acid levels, the Collins family 49 1.9 Time line 63 2.1 Punctuation 72 2.2 Triangulation: parental conflict detouring through a child 74 3.1 Collaborative inquiry triangle 115 4.1 Dyad escalation: anxious-avoidant pattern 126 4.2 Dyad escalation: anxious-ambivalent pattern 127 4.3 Dyad escalation: disorganized/traumatic pattern 127 4.4 Attachment figures as a source of danger 132 4.5 Volatile cycle between a father and a child 133 4.6 Triadic attachment relationships 135 4.7 Circle of Security 136 4.8 Miscuing in avoidant patterns 137 4.9 Negative cycle of secondary emotions in adolescent problems 139 4.10 Tracking problematic adolescent and parental patterns 140 4.11 The levels of intervention in attachment narrative therapy 142 5.1 Attempted solutions 150 5.2 Janet’s family genogram 154 5.3 Process of escalating negative beliefs 156 5.4 Problem-maintaining pattern 157 5.5 Social/contextual formulation 159 6.1 Problem-maintaining patterns – feedback loops 174Downloaded by [ Faculty of Nursing, Chiangmai University 5.62.158.117] at [07/18/16]. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Not to be redistributed or modified in any way without permission. xiv C O N T E N T S 6.2 Building a constructive relationship with the drink-abusing client 175 6.3 Keyworker–client–family triangle 175 6.4 Problem-maintaining pattern 180 6.5 Relational dilemma for child visiting non-resident parent 181 6.6 Responsible vs. ill dynamic 184 6.7 Client–staff–therapist triangle 185 6.8 Safety/certainty matrix 187 6.9 Escalating cycles in families with anorexia 190 6.10 Escalating cycles of cognition and action 201 7.1 The CMM approach 210 7.2 Three layers of the CMM model in relation to couple therapy 211 7.3 Family, parental, and marital systems 211 Tables 2.1 Varieties of contradictory levels of communications 70 8.1 Outcome studies of adult problems 242 8.2 Outcome studies of child and adolescent problems 243

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