لایب سان

Who Are African Americans? African Americans are strong, proud, determined people born in America whose African ancestors were forcibly transplanted to America beginning in the 1500s. African Americans have thrived in adversity, survived atrocities, risen above the injustices suffered over the last 400 years, and amassed a rich legacy of accomplish- ments that continue today. Additionally, Americans of African descent have defined themselves in terms of their African origins for well over 200 years. Based on the 2000 Census, African American refers to “people in the United States who have origins in any of the black races of Africa” and comprises the sec- ond largest group after those choosing or reported in the white category (Williams & Jackson, 2000). African Americans are people who have survived centuries of abuse and con- tinue to thrive despite the circumstances. They are people who overcame the dia- bolical intentionality of slavery to annihilate a sector of human beings by separating them from their home continent, countries, families, cultures, language, and more. They are people whose primary goals have been equality, equity, and justice for 400 years and whose lineage and institutional memory span the breadth and depth of nearly five centuries. Their experiences are varied and exist parallel to realities of the “privileged” humans by whom and to whom they were enslaved.

xix Contents 1 Who Are African Americans? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Beverly J. O’Bryant 2 Identifying Barriers and Access to Mental Health Care for African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 LaTonya M. Summers, Lyndon P. Abrams, and Henry L. Harris 3 Challenges Mostly Unique to African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Clewiston D. Challenger and Timothy Eng 4 African American Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities. . . 31 Brittany L. Dennis 5 Mental Health Challenges Unique to African American Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Kimberly N. Frazier 6 Diagnosis Issues with African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Jacqueline R. Smith 7 Culture of Family Togetherness, Emotional Resilience, and Spiritual Lifestyles Inherent in African Americans from the Time of Slavery Until Now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Fawn T. Robinson and Quiana Golphin 8 The Trauma of Being an African American in the Twenty-First Century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Keith Dempsey 9 Training, Recruiting, and Retaining African American Mental Health Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Jude T. Austin II and Julius A. Austin xx 10 The Mental Health Needs of Some Unique Groups Among African American Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Julius A. Austin and Jude T. Austin II 11 Roads for African Americans to Live Enhanced and Improved Mentally Healthy Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Ariel Encalade Mitchell 12 Solutions-Oriented Intervention Models for African American Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Denise Gilstrap 13 Practical Strategic Improvements for African American Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Nivischi N. Edwards, Shauna Thompson, and Lynn Bohecker 14 Treatment Strategies and Healing Related to African American Mental Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Victoria D. Austin Epilogue: Where Do We Go from Here?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

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