لایب سان

Cover Page......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 ISBN 0849314844......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Acknowledgment......Page 8 The Editors......Page 10 Contributors......Page 12 Contents......Page 14 Section A Introduction Notes......Page 16 1.1 Introduction......Page 18 1.2.1 Evolution of Natural Absorbable/Biodegradable Polymers......Page 19 1.2.2 Evolution of Synthetic Absorbable/Biodegradable Polymers......Page 20 1.3 Evolving Applications and Pertinent Processing Methods of Absorbable/Biodegradable Polymers......Page 22 1.3.3 Polyester/Peptide Ionic Conjugates......Page 23 1.3.4 Enabling New Processing Methods......Page 24 References......Page 25 Section B Development and Application of New Systems......Page 28 2.1 Introduction......Page 30 2.2 Molecular Chain Design for Tailored Properties......Page 31 2.3 Composition and Properties of Typical Copolymers and Sutures Thereof......Page 32 2.3.1 Copolymers for Monofilament Sutures......Page 33 2.3.2 Copolymers for Braided Sutures......Page 34 2.3.3 Effect of Composition on Properties of Segmented Polymers and Their Braided Sutures......Page 36 References......Page 38 3.1 Introduction......Page 40 3.2.1 Conceptual Designs of the Polyaxial Chain and General Examples of Polymers and Their Applications......Page 41 3.2.3 Polyaxial Copolyesters with Different Central Atoms and Monofilaments Thereof......Page 44 3.2.4 Preparation and Processing of Selected Polyaxial Copolyesters as Synthetic Alternatives to Surgical Gut Suture......Page 46 3.2.5 Effect of Composition on the Breaking Strength Retention (BSR) of Radiochemically Sterilized Sutures......Page 47 3.2.6 Contributions of the Polyaxial Chain Configuration and Composition of Polymeric Initiators to Thermal and Hydrolytic Stability......Page 49 3.3 Conclusion and Perspective on the Future......Page 51 References......Page 52 4 Polyethylene Glycol-Based Copolyesters......Page 54 4.2.1 Molecular Design and Attributes of Tailored Properties......Page 55 4.2.2 Advances in Biomedical Applications and Clinical Relevance......Page 58 4.2.3 Advances in the Applications of Controlled Delivery Systems and Clinical Relevance......Page 60 4.3 Advances in Solid PEG-Based Copolyesters......Page 65 4.3.2 Nanospheres of PEG-Polycaprolactone A-B Block Copolymer as a Novel Drug Carrier......Page 66 4.3.4 Radioisotope-Bearing Poly(Ethylene Glycol-b-Caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) for Bone Imaging......Page 67 4.4 Photopolymerizable PEG-Copolyesters......Page 68 References......Page 69 5 Cyanoacrylate-Based Systems as Tissue Adhesives......Page 74 5.1 Introduction......Page 75 5.2 Rationale for and Genesis of Synthetic Absorbable Cyanoacrylate-Based Systems......Page 76 5.3 Unique Properties of Absorbable Tissue Adhesives and Evolution of the Cyanoacrylate-Based Systems......Page 77 5.4.2 Effect of pH on the Molecular Weight and Thermal Properties of Absorbable Tissue Adhesives......Page 79 5.4.3 In Vitro Evaluation of the Adhesive Joint Strength and Pertinent Data......Page 81 5.4.4 Evaluation of the In Vitro and In Vivo Absorption Profiles and Typical Results......Page 84 5.4.5 Evaluation of In Vivo Performance of Absorbable Tissue Adhesives......Page 87 References......Page 90 6.1 Introduction......Page 92 6.2.1 Advances in Chitosan-Based Materials and Clinical Relevance......Page 93 6.2.2 Advances in Processing of Chitosan-Based Systems and Clinical Relevance......Page 94 6.3 Advances in Chitosan-Based Systems (CBS) Applications......Page 95 6.3.1 Chitosan-Based Systems for Pharmaceutical Applications......Page 96 6.3.2 Chitosan-Based Systems for Biomedical Applications......Page 98 6.3.4 Chitosan-Based Systems for Tissue Engineering......Page 99 References......Page 100 7.1 Introduction......Page 106 7.2 Advances in the Application of Sodium Hyaluronate (HA-Na)......Page 107 7.3.2 Complex Formation of HA with Other Functional Polymers......Page 108 7.3.3 Covalent Modification of HA......Page 109 7.4.1 HA Is an Adjuvant in Drug Delivery Cryopreservation......Page 112 References......Page 113 Section C Developments in Preparative, Processing, and Evaluation Methods......Page 116 8.1 Introduction......Page 118 8.2.1 Design of the Polymerization Scheme and Rationale......Page 119 8.2.3 Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Typical Monofilament Sutures......Page 120 8.3.1 Design of Polymerization Scheme and Rationale......Page 123 8.3.3 Physical and In Vivo Properties of Typical Monofilament Sutures......Page 124 References......Page 125 9 Advances in Morphological Development to Tailor the Performance of Absorbable Medical Devices......Page 128 9.1 Introduction......Page 129 9.2.1 Supramolecular Crystal Developments......Page 131 9.2.2 Overall Crystallization Kinetics......Page 134 9.3.1 Effect on Glass Transition Temperature......Page 137 9.3.2 Intra- and Inter-Spherulitic Amorphous Phase Dynamics......Page 142 9.4.1 Physical Route: Stress-Induced Crystallization......Page 145 9.4.2 Chemical Route: a Novel Synthetic Method Using Mixed Initiators......Page 147 9.5.1 Effect of Molecular Orientation......Page 150 9.5.2 Effect of Crystallinity......Page 151 9.5.3 Hydrolysis Profiler......Page 152 9.6 Novel Polyesters: POE Polymers......Page 153 Acknowledgment......Page 154 References......Page 155 10.1 Historical......Page 158 10.2.1 Forms of Polymer Toxicity......Page 159 10.2.2 Polymer Processing and Its Effect on Toxicity......Page 160 10.2.3 Methods of Toxicity Testing......Page 161 10.3.1 Absorbable/Biodegradable Devices......Page 166 10.3.2 Absorbable/Biodegradable Drug Carriers......Page 168 10.5 Conclusion and Perspective on the Future......Page 169 References......Page 170 Section D Growing and Newly Sought Applications......Page 172 11.1 Historical......Page 174 11.1.1 Synthetic Polymers......Page 175 11.1.2 Natural Polymers......Page 176 11.2.2 Synthetic and Natural Polymers......Page 177 11.2.3 Scaffold Design......Page 179 11.3.1 Injectable Polymers......Page 184 11.3.2 Synthetic Polymer Degradation......Page 185 References......Page 186 12.1 Introduction......Page 190 12.3 Evolution in the Use of Synthetic Absorbable Polymers for Vascular Grafts and Patches......Page 191 12.4.2 Absorbable Grafts......Page 193 12.4.3 Partially Absorbable Vascular Grafts and Wraps......Page 194 12.4.4 Vascular Wraps or Patches......Page 198 12.5.1 Absorbable Femoral Sealing Devices......Page 199 12.5.2 Absorbable Stent Mantle......Page 200 12.6 Conclusion and Perspective on the Future......Page 201 References......Page 202 13 Postoperative Adhesion Prevention......Page 206 13.2.1 Surgery......Page 207 13.2.2 Adjuvants......Page 208 13.3 Advances in the Use of Absorbable/Biodegradable Polymers for Postoperative Adhesion (POA) Prevention......Page 209 13.3.1 Multivalent Ion-Modified Hyaluronic Acid Formulations......Page 210 13.3.3 Effect of Pharmacological Adjuvants on Hyaluronic Acid Performance......Page 211 13.3.4 Absorbable Gel-Forming Liquid Copolyesters as Transient Barriers and Multifaceted Compositions for POA Prevention......Page 213 References......Page 217 14 Implantable Insulin Controlled Release Systems for Treating Diabetes Mellitus......Page 220 14.1 Introduction......Page 221 14.2 The Genesis and General Types of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems......Page 222 14.3.2 Ethylene–Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Pellets......Page 224 14.4 Absorbable Polymeric Delivery Systems......Page 226 14.4.1 Polylactic Acid Pellets......Page 227 14.4.2 Polylactic Acid Microcapsules......Page 228 14.4.3 Polylactic-co-Glycolic Acid Microcapsules......Page 230 14.4.4 Block Copolymers/Hydrogels......Page 231 14.5 Biomolecules as Drug Delivery Systems......Page 232 14.5.3 Serum Albumin Beads......Page 233 14.5.4 Chitosan Microcapsules......Page 234 14.6.2 Alumino–Calcium–Phosphorous Oxide Ceramic Systems......Page 235 14.7 Conclusion and Perspective on the Future......Page 236 References......Page 239 15.1 Introduction......Page 242 15.2 Models of Tumor Growth......Page 243 15.3 Emerging Challenges for Cancer Chemotherapy......Page 247 15.3.1 Dose-Densification Using Paclitaxel......Page 249 15.3.2 Dose-Densification Using Prolonged Infusion of Paclitaxel......Page 251 15.3.3 Clinical Model for Dose Determination and Schedule......Page 252 15.3.5 Rationale for Sustained Drug Delivery......Page 255 15.3.6 Biodegradable or Absorbable Polymers for Drug Delivery......Page 257 15.3.7 Absorbable Delivery Systems to Manipulate Drug Exposure Duration (DED) “Pegylated” Systems......Page 259 15.3.8 Site-Specific (Intracranial)......Page 260 15.3.9 Site-Specific (Intratumoral)......Page 261 15.4 Conclusion and Perspective on the Future......Page 264 References......Page 265 16.1 Introduction......Page 272 16.2.2 Adaptive Tumor Surveillance......Page 273 16.2.3 Costimulation and Immunotherapy......Page 274 16.3.1 Polymeric Biomaterials as Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells (￿￿￿￿￿......Page 275 16.3.2 Delivery of Cytokines Using Polymeric Carriers......Page 276 16.4.2 New Approaches to Using Absorbable Polymers......Page 278 References......Page 286 A......Page 290 C......Page 291 D......Page 293 E......Page 294 H......Page 295 K......Page 296 N......Page 297 P......Page 298 S......Page 301 T......Page 302 V......Page 303 Z......Page 304 Back Page......Page 305

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