لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice
نویسنده: Ronet D. Bachman, Russell K. Schutt
ناشر: SAGE Publications, Inc; Seventh edition (January 29, 2019)
زبان: English
شابک: 1544339127, 978-1544339122
حجم: 75 Mb
فرمت: Epub + Converted Pdf

Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Section I • Foundations for Social Research Chapter 1 • Science, Society, and Research Related to Crime, Criminology, and Social Control Reasoning About the Social World Questions and Answers Avoiding Errors in Reasoning Overgeneralization Selective or Inaccurate Observation Illogical Reasoning Resistance to Change The Social Science Approach Science Versus Pseudoscience Criminal Justice and Criminology Research in Practice Descriptive Research Case Study How Prevalent Is Youth Violence? Police Reports Surveys Exploratory Research Case Study How Did Schools Avert a Shooting Rampage? Explanatory Research Case Study What Factors Predict Youth Delinquency and Violence? Evaluation Research Case Study How Effective Are Violence Prevention Programs in Schools? Alternative Research Orientations More on the Role of Values in Research Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Highlighting a Few Specific Types of Research Methods Careers and Research Strengths and Limitations of Social Research Research in the News: A School Shooting Every Week? A Comment on Research in a Diverse Society Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 2 • The Process and Problems of Research Related to Crime and Criminology Identifying a Research Question Where to Start? Refining Research Questions Evaluating Research Questions Feasibility Social Importance Scientific Relevance Careers and Research Social Research Foundations Searching the Literature Critically Review Research Research in the News: Control and Fear: What Mass Killings and Domestic Violence Have in Common A Single-Article Review: Formal and Informal Deterrents to Domestic Violence An Integrated Literature Review: When Does Arrest Matter? The Role of Theory Social Research Strategies The Research Circle Deductive Research Inductive Research Case Study Arrest for Intimate Partner Violence and the Research Circle Phase 1: Deductive Research Phase 2: Deductive Research Phase 3: Inductive Research Phase 4: Deductive Research Adding Exploration to the Mix Case Study Police Decision Making Social Research Standards Measurement Validity Generalizability Causal Validity Authenticity Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 3 • Ethical Guidelines for Research Historical Background Ethical Principles Achieving Valid Results Research in the News: Some Social Scientists Are Tired of Asking for Permission Honesty and Openness Careers and Research Protecting Research Participants Avoid Harming Research Participants Obtain Informed Consent Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited Circumstances Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality Benefits of Research Should Outweigh Risks The Institutional Review Board Research Involving Special Populations: Prisoners and Children Case Study Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents and Milgram Revisited Do You Agree? Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Section II • Fundamentals of Research Chapter 4 • Conceptualization and Measurement Concepts Conceptualization in Practice Case Study Defining Youth Gangs Case Study Defining Substance Abuse Case Study Defining Poverty From Concepts to Variables: Measurement Operations Using Available Data Constructing Questions Making Observations Collecting Unobtrusive Measures Careers and Research Combining Measurement Operations Research in the News: Are Teenagers Replacing Drugs With Smartphones? Case Study Measuring Inmate Misconduct Variables and Levels of Measurement Nominal Level of Measurement Ordinal Level of Measurement Interval Level of Measurement Ratio Level of Measurement The Case of Dichotomies Comparing Levels of Measurement Did We Measure What We Wanted to Measure? Measurement Validity Face Validity Content Validity Criterion Validity Construct Validity Measurement Reliability Test-Retest Reliability Interitem Reliability (Internal Consistency) Alternate-Forms Reliability Intraobserver and Interobserver Reliability Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity A Comment on Measurement in a Diverse Society Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 5 • Sampling Sample Planning The Purpose of Sampling Define Sample Components and the Population Evaluate Generalizability Assess Population Diversity: Research in a Diverse Society Consider a Census Sampling Methods Probability Sampling Methods Research in the News: What Are Best Practices for Sampling Vulnerable Populations? Simple Random Sampling Systematic Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Multistage Cluster Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Methods Availability Sampling Quota Sampling Purposive or Judgment Sampling Snowball Sampling Lessons About Sample Quality Careers and Research Generalizability in Qualitative Research Sampling Distributions Estimating Sampling Error Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 6 • Causation and Research Design Causal Explanations Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanation Qualitative (Idiographic) Causal Explanation Criteria and Cautions for Nomothetic Causal Explanations Case Study Media Violence and Violent Behavior Association Time Order Nonspuriousness Mechanism Context Research Designs and Causality Careers and Research True Experiments Causality and True Experimental Designs Nonexperimental Designs Cross-Sectional Designs Case Study Using Life Calendars: Do Offenders Specialize in Different Crimes? Longitudinal Designs Case Study Offending Over the Life Course Determining Causation Using Nonexperimental Designs Case Study Gender, Social Control, and Crime Units of Analysis and Errors in Causal Reasoning Research in the News: The Police and Black Drivers Individual and Group Units of Analysis The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Section III • Research Designs Chapter 7 • Experimental Designs History of Experiments True Experiments Experimental and Comparison Groups Pretest and Posttest Measures Random Assignment Case Study Prison Classification and Inmate Behavior Case Study The Effect of Incarceration on Employment Summary: Causality in True Experiments Quasi-Experiments Nonequivalent Control Group Designs Case Study The Effectiveness of Drug Courts Before-and-After Designs Case Study The Effects of the Youth Criminal Justice Act Case Study Reduced Caseload and Intensive Supervision in Probation Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs Case Study Does an Arrest Increase Delinquency? Summary: Causality in Quasi-Experiments Validity in Experiments Causal (Internal) Validity Selection Bias Endogenous Change Careers and Research External Events Contamination Treatment Misidentification Research in the News: Do Video Games Lead to Mass Shootings? Generalizability Sample Generalizability Factorial Survey Design Case Study How Citizens View Police Misconduct Interaction of Testing and Treatment Ethical Issues in Experimental Research Deception Selective Distribution of Benefits Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 8 • Survey Research Survey Research in the Social Sciences Attractive Features of Survey Research Versatility Efficiency Generalizability The Omnibus Survey Designing Questionnaires Maintain Focus Build on Existing Instruments Research in a Diverse Society: Consider Translation Case Study Measuring Violent Victimizations Writing Survey Questions Constructing Clear and Meaningful Questions Avoid Confusing Phrasing and Vagueness Avoid Negative Words and Double Negatives Avoid Double-Barreled Questions Avoid Making Either Disagreement or Agreement Disagreeable Additional Guidelines for Fixed-Response Questions Response Choices Should Be Mutually Exclusive Make the Response Categories Exhaustive Utilize Likert-Type Response Categories Minimize Fence Sitting and Floating Utilize Filter Questions Combining Questions Into Indexes Demographic Questions Don’t Forget to Pretest! Organization of the Questionnaire Careers and Research Question Order Matters! Organizational Guidelines The Cover Letter Survey Designs Mailed, Self-Administered Surveys Group-Administered Surveys Surveys by Telephone Reaching Sampling Units Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys In-Person Interviews Balancing Rapport and Control Research in the News: How Men Behave at Work Maximizing Response to Interviews Electronic Surveys Mixed-Mode Surveys A Comparison of Survey Designs Errors in Survey Research Ethical Issues in Survey Research Protection of Respondents Confidentiality Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 9 • Qualitative Methods: Observing, Participating, and Listening Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods Careers and Research Origins of Qualitative Research Netnography Case Study Life in a Gang Participant Observation Choosing a Role Complete Observation Participation and Observation Covert Participation Case Study The Researcher as Hooligan Entering the Field Developing and Maintaining Relationships Sampling People and Events Research in the News: Ordinary Citizens Played Role in Crime Decline Taking Notes Managing the Personal Dimensions Systematic Observation Case Study Studying Public Disorder and Crime Intensive Interviewing Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership Case Study Barriers to Reentry for Older Offenders Asking Questions and Recording Answers Combining Participant Observation and Intensive Interviewing Focus Groups Case Study An Analysis of Police Searches Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research Voluntary Participation Subject Well-Being Identity Disclosure Confidentiality Appropriate Boundaries Researcher Safety Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Section IV • Topical Research Designs Chapter 10 • Analyzing Content: Research Using Secondary, Historical, and Comparative Data and Content Analysis Analyzing Secondary Data Case Study Police Protection by Neighborhood Historical and Comparative Methods Careers and Research Historical Research Oral History Case Study Exploring the Emergence of Contemporary Criminology Historical Process Research Case Study The Evolution of Cyber Crime Comparative Research Case Study Homicide Across Nations Research in the News: Data on Rape in the European Union Difficult to Compare Content Analysis Identifying a Population of Documents or Other Textual Sources Case Study Media Portrayals of Abducted Children Methodological Issues When Using Secondary Data Measuring Across Time and Contexts Research in a Diverse Society: Measurement Equivalence Sampling Across Time and Place Identifying Causes Ethical Issues When Analyzing Available Data and Content Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 11 • Social Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, and Big Data Social Network Analysis Case Study Networks of Terrorist Cells Case Study Finding a Serial Killer Crime Mapping Careers and Research Case Study Social Disorganization and the Chicago School Case Study Predicting Break and Entries (BNEs) Research in the News: CompStat and the New York City Police Department Case Study Using Google Earth to Track Sexual Offending Recidivism Big Data Case Study Predicting Where Crime Will Occur Case Study Predicting Recidivism with Big Data Ethical Issues When Using Big Data Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 12 • Evaluation and Policy Analysis A Brief History of Evaluation Research Evaluation Basics Questions for Evaluation Research The Evaluation of Need or Needs Assessment Evaluability Assessment Research in the News: Former Attorney General Jeff Sessions and His Crime Wave Process Evaluation (Program Monitoring) Case Study Process Evaluation of an Anti-Gang Initiative The Evaluation of Impact or Outcomes Case Study How Does the Risk Skills Training Program (RSTP) Compare to D.A.R.E.? The Evaluation of Efficiency Case Study Cost–Benefit Analysis of Therapeutic Communities Design Decisions Black Box Evaluation or Program Theory? Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation? Simple or Complex Outcomes? Evaluation in Action Case Study Problem-Oriented Policing in Violent Crime Areas—A Randomized Controlled Experiment Strengths of Randomized Experimental Design in Impact Evaluations Quasi-Experimental Designs in Evaluation Research Case Study Decreasing Injuries From Police Use of Force Nonexperimental Designs Case Study Vocational Education for Serious Juvenile Offenders—A One-Shot Design Qualitative and Quantitative Methods Policy Research: Increasing Demand for Evidence-Based Policy Careers and Research Basic Science or Applied Research Ethics in Evaluation Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 13 • Mixing and Comparing Methods What Are Mixed Methods? Should Methods Be Mixed? Types of Mixed-Methods Designs Case Study Convergent Parallel Design: School Security and Discipline Case Study Exploratory Sequential Design: American Indian Homicide Case Study Embedded Design: Investigating Rape Strengths and Limitations of Mixed Methods Comparing Results Across Studies Meta-Analysis Research in the News: Lacking Data on Gun Violence Case Study Meta-Analysis: The Effectiveness of Anti-Bullying Programs Case Study Meta-Analysis: Do Parent Training Programs Prevent Child Abuse? Meta-Synthesis Case Study Meta-Synthesis: Female Drug Dealers Ethics and Mixed Methods Careers and Research Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Section IV • After the Data Are Collected Chapter 14 • Analyzing Quantitative Data Introducing Statistics Case Study The Causes of Delinquency Preparing Data for Analysis Displaying Univariate Distributions Graphs Frequency Distributions Ungrouped Data Grouped Data Summarizing Univariate Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Mode Median Mean Median or Mean? Research in the News: Median Lifetime Earnings Measures of Variation Range Interquartile Range Variance Standard Deviation Cross-Tabulating Variables Describing Association Controlling for a Third Variable Intervening Variables Extraneous Variables Specification Regression and Correlation Careers and Research Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Web Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Ethics Exercises SPSS or Excel Exercises Chapter 15 • Analyzing Qualitative Data Features of Qualitative Data Analysis Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art Qualitative Compared With Quantitative Data Analysis Research in the News: Understanding Solitary Confinement Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis Documentation Conceptualization, Coding, and Categorizing Examining Relationships and Displaying Data Corroboration/Authenticating Conclusions Reflection on the Researcher’s Role Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis Ethnography Ethnomethodology Conversation Analysis Narrative Analysis Grounded Theory Qualitative Comparative Analysis Case-Oriented Understanding Careers and Research Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Case Study Narratives of Desistance From Crime and Substance Abuse Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises Chapter 16 • Summarizing and Reporting Research Research Report Goals Advance Scientific Knowledge Shape Social Policy Organize Social Action—Participatory Action Research Case Study Seeking Higher Education for Inmates Dialogue With Research Subjects Writing Is Not Easy! Research Report Types Careers and Research Student Papers and Theses Group Projects The Thesis Committee Journal Articles Applied Reports An Advisory Committee Displaying Research Special Considerations for Reporting Qualitative or Mixed-Methods Research Ethics, Politics, and Reporting Research Communicating With the Public Research in the News: What’s Behind Big Science Frauds Plagiarism Conclusion Key Terms Highlights Exercises Developing a Research Proposal Web Exercises Ethics Exercises Appendix A. Questions to Ask About a Research Article Appendix B. How to Read a Research Article Glossary References Index

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