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Ebook details:
عنوان: Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults
نویسنده: Medicine & Health Science Books
ناشر: LWW; Ninth, 2 Volume edition (April 4, 2019)
زبان: English
شابک: 1496386515, 978-1496386519

9781496386533, 1496386531
حجم: 131 Mb
فرمت: Epub

Cover Half Titlepage Title Page Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Contents Surgical Procedure Videos SECTION ONE General Principles Chapter 1 Biomechanics of Fractures and Fracture Fixation Introduction Basic Mechanical Concepts Material Properties Structural Properties Load Transfer Through Joints and Fractures Biomechanics of Fractures Traumatic Loads Resulting in Fracture Physiologic Loads During Normal Activities Osteoporosis Periprosthetic, Interprosthetic, and End Screw Fractures Biomechanical Aspects of Bone Healing Interplay Between Biology and Mechanics Natural Bone Healing Primary Bone Healing Delayed Union and Nonunion Fracture Fixation Strategies Targeting a Fracture-Healing Mode Fixation Strategies for Natural Bone Healing Fixation Strategies for Primary Bone Healing Creating a Durable Fixation Construct Fixation Constructs Biomechanical Characterization of Fixation Constructs Stiffness of Intramedullary Nail Constructs Stiffness of External Fixator Constructs Stiffness of Plate Constructs Construct Stiffness and Fracture Healing Improvement of Fracture Fixation Biomechanical Evaluation of Fixation Constructs Benefits and Limitations of Biomechanical Studies Specimen Selection Loading Considerations Loading Modes Outcome Parameters Numerical Simulation Summary References Chapter 2 Bone, Cartilage, and Tendon Healing Introduction Bone Healing Cellular Components Types of Bone Healing How Clinical Treatments Alter Healing Challenges and Emerging Therapeutics Cartilage Cartilage Healing Response of Cartilage to Mechanical Injury Consequences of Cartilage Injury Modifiers of Cartilage Damage Tendon Structure, Function, and Cell Biology Tendon Diseases and Injuries Emerging Therapies for the Treatment of Tendon Disorders Conclusion References Chapter 3 Biologic and Biophysical Technologies for the Enhancement of Fracture Repair Introduction Bone Graft and Bone Graft Substitutes Autograft Allograft Bone Graft Substitutes Enhancement of Fracture Healing Using Cell-Based Therapies Mesenchymal Stem Cells Platelet Concentrates Bone Marrow Aspirates Systemic Enhancement of Fracture Healing Bone Morphogenetic Proteins Transforming Growth Factor β Wnt Fibroblast Growth Factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Parathyroid Hormone Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors Other Pathways Statins Physical Enhancement of Skeletal Repair Electrical Stimulation Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Conclusion References Chapter 4 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease Introduction Anatomy and Physiology Bone Anatomy Bone Modeling and Remodeling Molecular Regulators of Bone Remodeling Osteoporosis Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Investigations Management Drug Treatments Monitoring Response to Treatment Treatment Failure Paget’s Disease of Bone Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Investigations and Diagnosis Management Duration of Treatment Osteomalacia and Rickets Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Investigations Management Primary Hyperparathyroidism Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Features Investigations Management Fibrous Dysplasia Osteogenesis Imperfecta Osteopetrosis References Chapter 5 Classification of Fractures Introduction History of Fracture Classification Purposes of Fracture Classification Systems Why Do We Classify Fractures? Descriptive Terminology Common Language Treatment and Prognosis Research Education Limitations of Fracture Classification Systems Reliability, Measurement, and Validity Categorizing Continuous Variables: Injury Severity Current Classification of Fractures OTA/AO or AO/OTA Classification System Fracture-Specific Classifications Classifications of Soft Tissue Injury Associated With Fractures Open Fractures Classification of Soft Tissue Injury Associated With Closed Fractures Summary References Chapter 6 The Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Injury Introduction History Fracture Incidence The Incidence of Fractures in Adults Gender and Age Social Deprivation Fracture Distribution Curves Changing Epidemiology Variation in Epidemiology The Future Open Fractures Multiple Fractures Fragility Fractures Mortality Mode of Injury Specific Fracture Types Epidemiology of Adolescent Fractures The Epidemiology of Dislocations Shoulder Dislocations Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Dislocations Elbow Dislocations Wrist and Hand Dislocations Hip Dislocations Knee Dislocations Ankle and Foot Dislocations The Epidemiology of Tendinous and Ligament Injuries Hand and Forearm Injuries Knee Injuries Achilles Tendon Rupture Other Injuries References Chapter 7 Imaging Considerations in Orthopedic Trauma General Considerations Availability Image Resolution Invasiveness Cost-Effectiveness Patient Risk Surgeon Risk Specific Imaging Modalities Radiography Fluoroscopy Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Arthrography Ultrasonography Nuclear Medicine Imaging Angiography Management of Imaging Data Distribution of Imaging Information Picture Archive and Communications Systems Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Standards Digital Imaging and Teleradiology in Orthopedics References Chapter 8 Outcome Studies in Trauma Introduction Evidence-Based Orthopedics The Hierarchy of Evidence The Impact of High-Quality Studies in Trauma Case Study: TRUST Trial Clinical Study Designs in Trauma Research Randomized Trial Expertise-Based Randomized Trial Observational Study Prospective Cohort Study Case-Control Study Retrospective Case Series Case Study: The FAITH Trial of Hip Fractures Synthesizing Evidence in Trauma Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Network Meta-Analysis Summarizing Evidence (the GRADE Approach) Case Study: Open Fracture Network Meta-Analysis Measuring Value in Trauma Fundamentals of Statistics in Trauma Outcome Studies Hypothesis Testing, the p-Value, and Statistical Significance Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency and Spread Reporting a Treatment Effect Common Statistical Approaches Issues in the Design and Interpretation of Orthopedic Studies Type I (α) Error and Type II (β) Error Case Study: The SPRINT Trial (Reamed Versus Unreamed Tibial Nails) When to Believe a Subgroup Analysis The Minimal Clinically Important Difference Study Power and Sample Size Calculation Fragility: A New Concept to Assess Validity of Results Case Study: FAITH Subgroup Analyses When Is a Study Truly Negative or Truly Positive? Guide to Interpretation of Results Measuring Patient Health and Function Health-Related Quality of Life Floor and Ceiling Effects Common Outcome Instruments Used in Trauma The Road Ahead Gaps and Opportunities Conclusion References Chapter 9 Principles of Nonoperative Management of Fractures Introduction History of Nonoperative Fracture Treatment Epidemiology of Nonoperative Fracture Treatment The Effect of Age Fractures in the Elderly Fracture Severity Mode of Injury Techniques of Nonoperative Management Traction Casts Braces Casts or Braces? Slings, Bandages, and Support Strapping Splints Specific Fractures Upper Limb Fractures Lower Limb Fractures Specific Fracture Types Periprosthetic Fractures Stress Fractures Pathologic Fractures The Future of Nonoperative Fracture Treatment References Chapter 10 Principles of External Fixation Introduction Historical Perspective Origins of Monolateral External Fixation World War II Use of External Fixation Contemporary Monolateral External Fixation Evolution Circular External Fixation Frame Types, Biomechanics, and Components Large Pin Fixation Simple Monolateral Frames Small Wire Circular Frame Fixation Hybrid Fixators Biology of External Fixation and Distraction Histogenesis Basic Biology Dynamization Fracture Healing With Limited ORIF Combined With External Fixation Biology of Distraction Osteogenesis Contemporary External Fixator Applications Damage Control External Fixation Small Wire External Fixation Bone Transport Hexapod Fixators External Fixator Frame Management Pin Insertion Technique Pin Care Frame Removal Frame Reuse Fixator-Related Complications Infection Premature Consolidation and Refracture Contractures Conclusion References Chapter 11 Principles and Biomechanics of Internal Fixation Principles of Internal Fixation Principles of Intramedullary Nailing Principles of Plate and Screw Constructs Biomechanics of Internal Fixation General Biomechanical Principles Biomechanics of IM Nails Biomechanics of Plate–Screw Constructs Biomechanics of Multiple Implants Modes of Mechanical Failure of Fixation Devices Screw Breakage During Insertion Screw–Bone Interface Failure References Chapter 12 Templating and Technical Tricks in Internal Fixation Templating in Preoperative Planning Reduction Techniques Fracture Compression Techniques Fracture Distraction and Lengthening Techniques Direct Fracture Manipulation Techniques Implant-Aided Reduction and Stabilization Techniques Future Directions: Patient-Specific Implants References Chapter 13 Management of the Multiply Injured Patient Philosophy Initial Assessment of the Trauma Patient Primary Survey Secondary Survey Tertiary Survey Role of the Orthopedic Surgeon Clinical Presentation Shock Causes of Mortality Injury Scoring Initial Management Resuscitation Open Fractures Traumatic Arthrotomy Gunshot Wounds Fractures and Dislocations Management of Injuries to Other Systems Head Injury Chest Injury Abdominal Injury Pelvic Injury Timing of Management of Orthopedic Injury Benefits of Early Care Risks of Early Care Indications for Damage Control Techniques of Damage Control Principles of Early Definitive Management Management of Spinal Injury Cervical Spine Thoracolumbar Spine Controversies in Care Timing of Definitive Management Indications for Pelvis Angiography Fractures Associated With Severe Head Injury Fractures Associated With Vascular Injury Limb Salvage Versus Amputation Patient Challenges in Care Obesity Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease Immunocompromise Elderly Patients Mental Illness Social Factors System Challenges to Care Optimizing Recovery Nutrition Patient Engagement Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 Gunshot and Wartime Injuries Introduction to Wartime Injuries Physics of Explosion Effect of Blast on the Musculoskeletal System Primary Orthopedic Blast Injury Secondary Orthopedic Blast Injury Combined Primary and Secondary Orthopedic Injuries Tertiary Orthopedic Injuries Quaternary Orthopedic Blast Injury Special Effects of Explosion Closed Explosion Versus Free Field Explosion Suicide Bombings Management of Blast Injury Prehospital Care Hospital Care Hemostatic Resuscitation Damage Control Surgery Acute Management of the Injured Extremity Introduction Types of Guns Shotguns Handguns and Rifles Ammunition Wound Ballistics Bullet–Tissue Interface Evaluation and Management of Gunshot Wounds Initial Evaluation Management of Low-Velocity Gunshot Wounds Management of High-Velocity Gunshot Wounds Summary References Chapter 15 Initial Management of Open Fractures Introduction Pathophysiology Assessment Initial Evaluation Examination Role of Cultures in the Emergency Department Antibiotics Radiographic Imaging and Other Diagnostic Studies Role of Biochemical Markers Classifications and Scores for Open Fractures Salvage or Amputation? Treatment Options Debridement and Lavage Skeletal Stabilization Plaster Casts and Traction External Skeletal Fixation Primary Internal Fixation Acute Management of Bone Loss Wound Cover Primary Closure of Wounds Timing of Wound Cover Zone of Injury Source of Infection in Open Injuries The Timing of Soft Tissue Cover Type of Cover Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy References Chapter 16 Acute Compartment Syndrome Introduction to Acute Compartment Syndrome History Epidemiology Pathogenesis Effects of Raised Tissue Pressure on Muscle Effects of Raised Tissue Pressure on Nerve Effects of Raised Tissue Pressure on Bone Reperfusion Injury Diagnosis of Acute Compartment Syndrome Clinical Diagnosis Compartment Pressure Monitoring Surgical and Applied Anatomy Thigh Leg Foot Arm Forearm Hand Treatment of Acute Compartment Syndrome Fasciotomy Management of Associated Fractures Complications of Acute Compartment Syndrome Late Diagnosis Future Directions for Research References Chapter 17 Principles of Mangled Extremity Management Introduction Historical Background Principles of Management Initial Evaluation Vascular Assessment Salvage Versus Amputation Decision Making Survivability Plantar Sensation Decision-Making Protocols and Limb Salvage Scores Additional Important Factors Concomitant Foot and Ankle Injuries Mangled Foot Smoking Patient Characteristics Management Operative Debridement and Stabilization Skeletal Stabilization Hyperbaric Oxygen Soft Tissue Coverage Rehabilitation of the Mangled Extremity Outcomes: Amputation Versus Limb Salvage Clinical Practice Considerations Psychological Considerations Military Trauma Care Bone-Anchored Implant Systems for Prosthetic Attachment Upper Extremity Summary References Chapter 18 Soft Tissue Coverage for Injuries and Fractures Introduction to Soft Tissue Coverage for Injuries and Fractures The Effect of Traumatic Injury on Decision-Making Wound Assessment Anatomic Considerations in Wound Healing and Flap Design for the Lower Limb Segment Vascular Anatomy Musculoskeletal Anatomy Operative Treatment of Soft Tissue Defects Pedicled Perforator Flaps, Advancement Flaps, Propeller Flaps, and Keystone Flaps References Chapter 19 Principles of Nerve Injuries and Their Management Introduction Structure of Peripheral Nerves Relevant Physiology and Microanatomy Relevant Surgical Anatomy Nerve Reaction to Injury, Degeneration, and Regeneration Compression Neuropathy Traumatic Injury Summary Mechanism of Nerve Injury Classification of Nerve Injuries Neurapraxia

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