لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: Amazon.com
نویسنده: Psychology
ناشر: English
زبان: 9781259676970
شابک: 978-1259676970, 1259676978
حجم: 87 Mb
فرمت: Epub + Converted pdf

Cover Title Copyright Dedication About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Foreword by Paul Ekman Preface: Psychology: Perspectives and Connections Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to Psychology What Is Psychology? Psychology Defined Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important to My Life Why Should You Study Psychology? Subdisciplines of Psychology The Origins of Psychology A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology A Brief History of Scientific Psychology Psychological Perspectives: Explaining Human Behavior Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic Behaviorism-Learning Humanistic-Positive Cognitive Sociocultural/Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological-Behavioral Genetic Evolutionary The Nature-Nurture Debate The Evolution of Human Behavior No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology Challenging Assumptions and Not Believing Everything You Think—The Art of Critical Thinking Connections within and between Chapters Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychology Chapter Review 2 Conducting Research in Psychology The Nature of Science Common Sense and Logic The Limits of Observation What Is Science? The Scientific Method Research Process What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Research Designs in Psychology Principles of Research Design Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Experimental Studies Longitudinal Studies Twin-Adoption Studies Meta-Analysis Big Data Challenging Assumptions in the Objectivity of Experimental Research Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research Self-Report Measures Behavioral Measures Physiological Measures Making Sense of Data with Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Psychology in the Real World: Challenge the Assumptions of Advertisers’ Statistics Research Ethics Scientific Misconduct Ethical Treatment of Human Participants Ethical Treatment of Animals Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Research Chapter Review 3 The Biology of Behavior Genes and Behavior Principles of Behavioral Genetics The Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons Common Neurotransmitters Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission The Brain Evolution of the Human Brain Overview of Brain Regions Psychology in the Real World: Neuroprosthetics: Thought Control of Artificial Limbs Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis Challenging Assumptions about Neural Growth in the Adult Brain Early Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adults Key Figures in the Discovery of Neural Growth in Adults Measuring the Brain Electroencephalography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) Research Process The Endocrine System Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Biology of Behavior Chapter Review 4 Sensing and Perceiving Our World The Long, Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception Basic Sensory Processes Principles of Perception Vision Sensing Visual Stimuli Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perceiving Color Perceiving Motion Perceiving Depth Perceiving Size and Shape Perceiving Patterns and Wholes Hearing The Physics of Sound and the Psychophysics of Hearing The Ear Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss Can Happen in Young People Too Hearing in the Brain The Bodily Senses Touch Pain The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Smell (Olfaction) Taste Synesthesia Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception Research Process Chapter Review 5 Human Development The Developing Fetus Stages of Prenatal Development Brain and Sensory Development before Birth Nature and Nurture Influences on Fetal Development Prenatal Personality Development The Developing Infant and Child Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood Early Cognitive Development Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain Development of Moral Reasoning Personality Development during Infancy Early Socioemotional Development Research Process The Developing Adolescent Physical Development in Adolescence Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence Social Development in Adolescence Personality Development in Adolescence The Developing Adult Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood Death and Dying Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Human Development Chapter Review 6 Consciousness What Is Consciousness? Theories of Consciousness Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness Minimal Consciousness Moderate Consciousness Full Consciousness Attention: Focusing Consciousness Selective Attention Psychology in the Real World: The Hazards of Distracted Driving Sustained Attention Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention Training Consciousness: Meditation Meditation and Conscious Experience Meditation Training and the Brain Sleeping and Dreaming Sleeping Research Process Dreaming Hypnosis Altering Consciousness with Drugs Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Consciousness Chapter Review 7 Memory Forming Memories Four Steps in Forming Memories Aids to Memory Formation Impediments to Memory Formation Types of Memory Three Major Types of Memory Memory and the Brain Neuroplasticity and Memory Psychology in the Real World: Manipulating Memory with Drugs and Drinks Brain Regions Most Involved in Memory Challenging Assumptions in Brain Stimulation and Memory Research Process Malleability of Memory Reconsolidation Selective and Divided Attention Eyewitness Testimony False Memories Recovered Memories Suggestibility and Misinformation Forgetting and Memory Loss Forms of Forgetting Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Memory Chapter Review 8 Learning Basic Processes of Learning Association Conditioning Models of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Psychology in the Real World: Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Attentional Disorders Challenging Assumptions about Conditioning Models of Learning Social Learning Theory How Nature and Nurture Work Together in Learning Imprinting Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning Research Process Synaptic Change during Learning Experience, Enrichment, and Brain Growth Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Learning Chapter Review 9 Language and Thought Language The Nature of Language The Evolution of Language in Humans Language Development in Individuals Theories of Language Acquisition Can Other Species Learn Human Language? Language, Culture, and Thought Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making Research Process How Do We Represent Thoughts in Our Minds? How Do We Reason about Evidence? Two Forms of Reasoning Psychology in the Real World: Critical Thinking and Detecting Fake News Critical and Scientific Thinking How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions? Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Language and Thought Chapter Review 10 Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity Intelligence Defining Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Psychology in the Real World: Bringing Multiple Intelligences to School Extremes of Intelligence The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence Group Differences in Intelligence Scores Non-Western Views of Intelligence Problem Solving Types of Problems Solution Strategies Obstacles to Solutions Creativity What Is Creativity? Stages of Creative Problem Solving Creativity and the Brain Research Process Cognitive Processes in Creative Thinking The Creative Personality Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity Chapter Review 11 Motivation and Emotion Motivation Models of Motivation Hunger: Survival of the Individual Sex: Survival of the Species Research Process The Needs to Belong (Affiliation) and to Excel Motivation in the Workplace Emotion What Are Emotions? Emotion as a Process Psychology in the Real World: Botox and Emotion Emotion and the Brain How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression Gender and Emotion Emotional Intelligence Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion Chapter Review 12 Stress and Health Stress Stress as Stimulus or Response The Physiology of Stress Coping: The Management of Stress Coping Strategies The Positive Psychology of Coping Psychology in the Real World: Does Stress Cause Aging? How Stress and Coping Affect Health The Birth of Psychoneuroimmunology Psychological Risk Factors for Heart Disease The Gut-Brain Axis: How the Critters in Our Intestines Affect Health, Mood, and Behavior Research on Health-Relevant Behavior Research Process Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Stress and Health Chapter Review 13 Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual Defining Personality Perspectives on Personality Psychoanalytic Theories Humanistic–Positive Psychological Theories Social–Cognitive Learning Theories Trait Theories Evolutionary–Biological Theories The Origins of Personality Genetics and Personality Temperament and the Fetal Environment Personality and Culture: Universality and Differences Challenging Assumptions in Animal Personality Research Process How Is Personality Measured? Behavioral Observation Interviewing Projective Tests Personality Questionnaires Social Network Measurement of Personality Psychology in the Real World: Personality and Career Interest and Job Performance Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Personality Chapter Review 14 Social Behavior Group Living and Social Influence Conformity Minority Social Influence Obedience Social Perception Attribution Detecting Deception Schemas Stereotypes Exclusion and Inclusion Psychology in the Real World: The Social Psychology of Social Networks Prejudice and Discrimination Challenging Assumptions in Social Behavior Attitudes and Behavior The Nature and Nurture of Attitudes Attitude Change Social Relations The Nature and Nurture of Aggression Prosocial Behavior Liking, Attraction, and Love Research Process Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Social Behavior Chapter Review 15 Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia Origins of Schizophrenia Depressive Disorders Origins of Depression Research Process Bipolar Disorder Causes of Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) Agoraphobia Specific Phobias Origins of Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Causes of Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorders Personality Disorders Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorders Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders Origins of Personality Disorders Psychology in the Real World: Can Internet Use Become an Addiction? Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Disorders Chapter Review 16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Biomedical Treatments for Psychological Disorders Drug Therapies Psychosurgery Electric and Magnetic Therapies Challenging Assumptions in the Treatment of Severe Depression Effectiveness of Biomedical Treatments Psychological Treatments for Psychological Disorders Psychoanalytic Therapy Humanistic/Positive Therapy Behavior Therapies Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments Group Therapy Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments Research Process Technology-Based Treatments for Psychological Disorders Effectiveness of Technology-Based Therapy Combined Approaches Drugs and Psychotherapy Integrative Therapy Mindfulness Training and Psychotherapy Effectiveness of Combined Approaches Psychology in the Real World: How to Choose a Therapist Emerging Therapies Psychedelic Medicine: A New Hope Preventing Disorders Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders Chapter Review Glossary References Name Index Subject IndexCover Title Copyright Dedication About the Authors Brief Contents Contents Foreword by Paul Ekman Preface: Psychology: Perspectives and Connections Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to Psychology What Is Psychology? Psychology Defined Psychology in the Real World: Why Psychology Is Important to My Life Why Should You Study Psychology? Subdisciplines of Psychology The Origins of Psychology A Brief History of the Practice of Clinical Psychology A Brief History of Scientific Psychology Psychological Perspectives: Explaining Human Behavior Psychoanalytic-Psychodynamic Behaviorism-Learning Humanistic-Positive Cognitive Sociocultural/Cross-Cultural Neuropsychological-Behavioral Genetic Evolutionary The Nature-Nurture Debate The Evolution of Human Behavior No One Perspective Tells the Whole Story in Psychology Challenging Assumptions and Not Believing Everything You Think—The Art of Critical Thinking Connections within and between Chapters Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychology Chapter Review 2 Conducting Research in Psychology The Nature of Science Common Sense and Logic The Limits of Observation What Is Science? The Scientific Method Research Process What Science Is Not: Pseudoscience Research Designs in Psychology Principles of Research Design Descriptive Studies Correlational Studies Experimental Studies Longitudinal Studies Twin-Adoption Studies Meta-Analysis Big Data Challenging Assumptions in the Objectivity of Experimental Research Commonly Used Measures of Psychological Research Self-Report Measures Behavioral Measures Physiological Measures Making Sense of Data with Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Psychology in the Real World: Challenge the Assumptions of Advertisers’ Statistics Research Ethics Scientific Misconduct Ethical Treatment of Human Participants Ethical Treatment of Animals Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Research Chapter Review 3 The Biology of Behavior Genes and Behavior Principles of Behavioral Genetics The Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System The Cells of the Nervous System: Glial Cells and Neurons Common Neurotransmitters Summary of the Steps in Neural Transmission The Brain Evolution of the Human Brain Overview of Brain Regions Psychology in the Real World: Neuroprosthetics: Thought Control of Artificial Limbs Brain Plasticity and Neurogenesis Challenging Assumptions about Neural Growth in the Adult Brain Early Evidence of Neurogenesis in Adults Key Figures in the Discovery of Neural Growth in Adults Measuring the Brain Electroencephalography Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Near Infrared Spectrometry (NIRS) Research Process The Endocrine System Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Biology of Behavior Chapter Review 4 Sensing and Perceiving Our World The Long, Strange Trip from Sensation to Perception Basic Sensory Processes Principles of Perception Vision Sensing Visual Stimuli Perceiving Visual Stimuli Perceiving Color Perceiving Motion Perceiving Depth Perceiving Size and Shape Perceiving Patterns and Wholes Hearing The Physics of Sound and the Psychophysics of Hearing The Ear Psychology in the Real World: Hearing Loss Can Happen in Young People Too Hearing in the Brain The Bodily Senses Touch Pain The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Smell (Olfaction) Taste Synesthesia Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Sensation and Perception Research Process Chapter Review 5 Human Development The Developing Fetus Stages of Prenatal Development Brain and Sensory Development before Birth Nature and Nurture Influences on Fetal Development Prenatal Personality Development The Developing Infant and Child Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood Early Cognitive Development Psychology in the Real World: Musical Training Changes the Brain Development of Moral Reasoning Personality Development during Infancy Early Socioemotional Development Research Process The Developing Adolescent Physical Development in Adolescence Cognitive and Brain Development in Adolescence Social Development in Adolescence Personality Development in Adolescence The Developing Adult Early Adulthood Middle Adulthood Late Adulthood Death and Dying Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Human Development Chapter Review 6 Consciousness What Is Consciousness? Theories of Consciousness Two Dimensions of Consciousness: Wakefulness and Awareness Minimal Consciousness Moderate Consciousness Full Consciousness Attention: Focusing Consciousness Selective Attention Psychology in the Real World: The Hazards of Distracted Driving Sustained Attention Multitasking: The Implications of Shifting Attention Training Consciousness: Meditation Meditation and Conscious Experience Meditation Training and the Brain Sleeping and Dreaming Sleeping Research Process Dreaming Hypnosis Altering Consciousness with Drugs Depressants Stimulants Hallucinogens Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Consciousness Chapter Review 7 Memory Forming Memories Four Steps in Forming Memories Aids to Memory Formation Impediments to Memory Formation Types of Memory Three Major Types of Memory Memory and the Brain Neuroplasticity and Memory Psychology in the Real World: Manipulating Memory with Drugs and Drinks Brain Regions Most Involved in Memory Challenging Assumptions in Brain Stimulation and Memory Research Process Malleability of Memory Reconsolidation Selective and Divided Attention Eyewitness Testimony False Memories Recovered Memories Suggestibility and Misinformation Forgetting and Memory Loss Forms of Forgetting Memory Loss Caused by Brain Injury and Disease Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Memory Chapter Review 8 Learning Basic Processes of Learning Association Conditioning Models of Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Psychology in the Real World: Behavior Modification for the Treatment of Attentional Disorders Challenging Assumptions about Conditioning Models of Learning Social Learning Theory How Nature and Nurture Work Together in Learning Imprinting Imitation, Mirror Neurons, and Learning Research Process Synaptic Change during Learning Experience, Enrichment, and Brain Growth Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Learning Chapter Review 9 Language and Thought Language The Nature of Language The Evolution of Language in Humans Language Development in Individuals Theories of Language Acquisition Can Other Species Learn Human Language? Language, Culture, and Thought Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making Research Process How Do We Represent Thoughts in Our Minds? How Do We Reason about Evidence? Two Forms of Reasoning Psychology in the Real World: Critical Thinking and Detecting Fake News Critical and Scientific Thinking How Do We Make Judgments and Decisions? Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Language and Thought Chapter Review 10 Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity Intelligence Defining Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Measuring Intelligence Psychology in the Real World: Bringing Multiple Intelligences to School Extremes of Intelligence The Nature and Nurture of Human Intelligence Group Differences in Intelligence Scores Non-Western Views of Intelligence Problem Solving Types of Problems Solution Strategies Obstacles to Solutions Creativity What Is Creativity? Stages of Creative Problem Solving Creativity and the Brain Research Process Cognitive Processes in Creative Thinking The Creative Personality Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Intelligence, Problem Solving, and Creativity Chapter Review 11 Motivation and Emotion Motivation Models of Motivation Hunger: Survival of the Individual Sex: Survival of the Species Research Process The Needs to Belong (Affiliation) and to Excel Motivation in the Workplace Emotion What Are Emotions? Emotion as a Process Psychology in the Real World: Botox and Emotion Emotion and the Brain How Culture Impacts Emotion Expression Gender and Emotion Emotional Intelligence Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Motivation and Emotion Chapter Review 12 Stress and Health Stress Stress as Stimulus or Response The Physiology of Stress Coping: The Management of Stress Coping Strategies The Positive Psychology of Coping Psychology in the Real World: Does Stress Cause Aging? How Stress and Coping Affect Health The Birth of Psychoneuroimmunology Psychological Risk Factors for Heart Disease The Gut-Brain Axis: How the Critters in Our Intestines Affect Health, Mood, and Behavior Research on Health-Relevant Behavior Research Process Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Stress and Health Chapter Review 13 Personality: The Uniqueness of the Individual Defining Personality Perspectives on Personality Psychoanalytic Theories Humanistic–Positive Psychological Theories Social–Cognitive Learning Theories Trait Theories Evolutionary–Biological Theories The Origins of Personality Genetics and Personality Temperament and the Fetal Environment Personality and Culture: Universality and Differences Challenging Assumptions in Animal Personality Research Process How Is Personality Measured? Behavioral Observation Interviewing Projective Tests Personality Questionnaires Social Network Measurement of Personality Psychology in the Real World: Personality and Career Interest and Job Performance Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Personality Chapter Review 14 Social Behavior Group Living and Social Influence Conformity Minority Social Influence Obedience Social Perception Attribution Detecting Deception Schemas Stereotypes Exclusion and Inclusion Psychology in the Real World: The Social Psychology of Social Networks Prejudice and Discrimination Challenging Assumptions in Social Behavior Attitudes and Behavior The Nature and Nurture of Attitudes Attitude Change Social Relations The Nature and Nurture of Aggression Prosocial Behavior Liking, Attraction, and Love Research Process Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Social Behavior Chapter Review 15 Psychological Disorders Defining Psychological Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Causes of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia Origins of Schizophrenia Depressive Disorders Origins of Depression Research Process Bipolar Disorder Causes of Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder) Agoraphobia Specific Phobias Origins of Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Causes of Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorders Personality Disorders Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorders Anxious-Fearful Personality Disorders Origins of Personality Disorders Psychology in the Real World: Can Internet Use Become an Addiction? Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in Psychological Disorders Chapter Review 16 Treatment of Psychological Disorders Biomedical Treatments for Psychological Disorders Drug Therapies Psychosurgery Electric and Magnetic Therapies Challenging Assumptions in the Treatment of Severe Depression Effectiveness of Biomedical Treatments Psychological Treatments for Psychological Disorders Psychoanalytic Therapy Humanistic/Positive Therapy Behavior Therapies Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments Group Therapy Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments Research Process Technology-Based Treatments for Psychological Disorders Effectiveness of Technology-Based Therapy Combined Approaches Drugs and Psychotherapy Integrative Therapy Mindfulness Training and Psychotherapy Effectiveness of Combined Approaches Psychology in the Real World: How to Choose a Therapist Emerging Therapies Psychedelic Medicine: A New Hope Preventing Disorders Bringing It All Together: Making Connections in the Treatment of Psychological Disorders Chapter Review Glossary References Name Index Subject Index

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