لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology
نویسنده: Medicine & Health Science Books @ Amazon.com
ناشر: Cengage Learning; 4 edition (January 28, 2019)
زبان: English
شابک: 0357041712, 978-0357041710
حجم: 509 Mb
فرمت: Image pdf with ocr

Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part 1: The Role of Nutrition Therapy in Health Care Chapter 1: Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in the Health Care System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Registered Dietitian Nutritionist in Clinical Practice The Role of the Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Scope of Practice The Clinical Nutrition Team 1.3 Other Health Professionals—Interdisciplinary Teams 1.4 Health Care Services and Reimbursement for Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) 1.5 Developing Clinical Skills and Professional Performance Specific Knowledge Base Experience Medical Problem Solving Evidence-Based Dietetics Practice (EBP Problem Solving Decision Making Diagnostic Reasoning Attitudes Standards Levels of Clinical Practice 1.6 Conclusion Part 2: The Nutrition Care Process Chapter 2: Overview: The Nutrition Care Process 2.1 Improving Health and Nutritional Status through Nutrition Care Health Status Nutritional Status 2.2 Purpose of Providing Nutrition Care 2.3 The AND’s Standardized NCP Standardized Nutrition Language Use of the NCP to Improve Quality of Care Critical Thinking 2.4 Big Picture of Nutrition Care: The Model Central Core Two Outer Rings Supportive Systems: Screening and Referral System and Outcomes Management System 2.5 Steps of the NCP Step 1: Nutrition Assessment Obtain and Verify Appropriate Data Cluster and Organize Assessment Data Evaluate the Data Using Reliable Standards Step 2: Nutrition Diagnosis PES Statements Criteria for Evaluating PES Statements Relationship of Nutrition Diagnosis to the Other Steps of the NCP Step 3: Nutrition Intervention Prioritize the Nutrition Diagnoses Write the Nutrition Prescription Set Goals Select the Nutrition Intervention Implement the Nutrition Intervention Step 4: Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation Monitor Progress Measure Outcomes Evaluate Outcomes 2.6 Documentation 2.7 Conclusion Chapter 3: Nutrition Assessment: Foundation of the Nutrition Care Process 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nutritional Status 3.3 An Overview: Nutrition Assessment and Screening Subjective and Objective Data Subjective Data Collection Client History Information Regarding Education, Learning, and Motivation Tools for Data Collection 3.4 Food- and Nutrition-Related History Nutrition Care Indicator: Twenty-Four-Hour Recall Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Record/Food Diary Nutrition Care Indicator: Food Frequency Nutrition Care Indicator: Observation of Food lntake/“Calorie Count 3.5 Evaluation and Interpretation of Dietary Analysis Information Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using the U.S. Dietary Guidelines Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using the USDA MyPlate Tools Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Choose Your Foods: Food Lists for Diabe Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Individual Nutrient Analysis Web-based Dietary Analysis Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation Using Dietary Reference Intakes and Daily Val 3.6 Anthropometric/Body Composition Measurements Anthropometrics Nutrition Care Indicator: Height/Stature/Length Nutrition Care Indicator: Weight Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation of Height and Weight in Infants and Children Growth Charts Body Mass Index Nutrition Care Criteria: Evaluation and Interpretation of Height and Weight in Adults Usual Body Weight Percent Usual Body Weight and Percent Weight Change Reference Weights Body Mass Index Waist Circumference Body Composition Nutrition Care Indicator: Skinfold Measurements Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of Skinfold Measurements Nutrition Care Indicator: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) Nutrition Care Criteria: Interpretation and Evaluation of BIA Measurements Nutrition Care Indicator: Hydrostatic (Underwater) Weighing Nutrition Care Indicator: Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Nutrition Care Indicator: Ultrasound Nutrition Care Indicator: Air Displacement Plethysmography 3.7 Biochemical Assessment and Medical Tests and Procedures Protein Assessment Somatic Protein Assessment Visceral Protein Assessment Immunocompetence Assessment Nutrition Care Indicator: Total Lymphocyte Count (TLC) Nutrition Care Indicators for Hematological Assessment Hemoglobin (Hgb Hematocrit (Hct Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC Ferritin Transferrin Saturation Protoporphyrin Serum Folate Serum B12 Vitamin and Mineral Assessment Other Labs with Clinical Significance 3.8 Nutrition Care Criteria: Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings 3.9 Nutrition Care Criteria: Functional Assessment 3.10 Nutrition Care Criteria: Energy and Protein Requirements Measurement of Energy Requirements Estimation of Energy Requirements Energy Requirements Based on DRI Activity Factor Stress Factors Measurement of Protein Requirements Estimation of Protein Requirements RDA for Protein Protein Requirements in Metabolic Stress, Trauma, and Disease 3.11 Interpretation of Assessment Data: Nutrition Diagnosis 3.12 Conclusion Chapter 4: Nutrition Intervention, Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Nutrition Prescriptions 4.3 Food and/or Nutrient Delivery (Oral Diets) Modification of Meals and Snacks Supplements Medical Food Supplements Modified Beverages and Foods Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Bioactive Substance Management Feeding Assistance and Feeding Environment Nutrition-Related Medication Management 4.4 Nutrition Education 4.5 Nutrition Counseling Counseling Skills Theoretical Basis/Approach for Nutrition Counseling Counseling Strategies 4.6 Coordination of Nutrition Care 4.7 Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation 4.8 Conclusion Chapter 5: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support 5.1 Introduction: Planning and Implementation of Nutrition Interventions with Enteral and Parentera 5.2 Enteral Nutrition Indications GI Access Formulas Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Vitamins/Minerals Fluid and Nutrient Density Regulation of Enteral Formula Manufacture Cost Feeding Initiation and Advancement Feeding Delivery Methods Equipment Nutrition Assessment and Intervention: Determination of the EN Prescription Monitoring and Evaluation: Complications Tube-Related Complications GI Complications Aspiration Dehydration Electrolyte Imbalances Underfeeding or Overfeeding Hyperglycemia Refeeding Syndrome 5.3 Parenteral Nutrition Indications Venous Access Devices Short-Term VADs Long-Term VAD Solutions PN Substrates Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Electrolytes Vitamins and Minerals Medications Nutrition Assessment and Intervention: Determination of the PN Prescription Administration Monitoring and Evaluation: Complications 5.4 Special Considerations Transitional Feedings Home PN 5.5 Initiation of Home PN Monitoring Home PN PN Product Shortages Clinical Ethics 5.6 Conclusion Chapter 6: Nutrition Informatics and Documentation of the Nutrition Care Process 6.1 Introduction Brief History of Nutrition Informatics ANDHII Electronic Clinical Quality Measure—Electronic Clinical Quality Measure Standardized Terminology 6.2 Charting: Documentation of the NCP Standardized Language and Medical Abbreviations Problem-Oriented Medical Records Organization of Nutrition Documentation SOAP Problem, Etiology, Signs/Symptoms Statements (PES) Assessment, Diagnosis, Intervention, and Monitoring and Evaluation (ADIME) IER Notes FOCUS Notes PIE Notes Charting by Exception (CBE Keeping a Personal Medical Notebook Guidelines for All Charting Confidentiality 6.3 Beyond Charting: An Overview of Writing in the Profession The Functions, Contexts, Parts, and Processes of Writing Rhetorical Norms Levels of Discourse Steps in the Writing Process Reporting Your Own Research 6.4 Conclusion: Your Ethos—Establishing Expertise Part 3: Introduction to Pathophysiology Chapter 7: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of Fluids and Electrolytes Total Body Water Fluid Compartments Movement of Fluid between Blood and Interstitial Spaces Movement between Extracellular Fluid and Intracellular Fluid Total Body Water Balance Fluid Intake Fluid Output Fluid Requirements 7.3 Body Solutes Types of Solutes Distribution of Electrolytes Movement of Solutes Electrolyte Requirements 7.4 Physiological Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes Thirst Mechanism Renal Function Hormonal Influence: Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Arginine Vasopressin Electrolyte Regulation Sodium Potassium Calcium and Phosphorus 7.5 Disorders of Fluid Balance Alterations in Volume Hypovolemia Hypervolemia Alterations in Osmolality Sodium Imbalances Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Potassium Imbalances Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Chloride and Acetate Calcium Imbalances Hypocalcemia Hypercalcemia Phosphorus Imbalances Hypophosphatemia Hyperphosphatemia Magnesium Imbalances Hypomagnesemia Hypermagnesemia 7.6 Conclusion Chapter 8: Acid–Base Balance 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Basic Concepts: Acids, Bases, and Buffers Acids Bases Buffers pH Terms Describing pH 8.3 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance Chemical Buffering The Bicarbonate–Carbonic Acid Buffer System Other Chemical Buffer Systems Respiratory Regulatory Control Renal Regulatory Control Control of Hydrogen and Bicarbonate lons Other Renal Regulatory Controls Effect of Acid and Base Shifts on Electrolyte Balance Assessment of Acid–Base Balance Acid–Base Disorders Respiratory Acidosis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Respiratory Alkalosis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Metabolic Acidosis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Metabolic Alkalosis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Mixed Acid–Base Disorders Assessment of Acid–Base Disorders 8.4 Conclusion Chapter 9: Cellular and Physiological Response to Injury: The Role of the Immune System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Disease Process 9.3 Cellular Injury Mechanisms of Cellular Injury Cellular Response to Injury Cellular Accumulations Cellular Alterations in Size and Number Cellular Injury from Infection Types of Microorganisms Course of Infection Cellular Death Host Resistance to Infectious Cellular Injury 9.4 Preventing Transmission of Infection 9.5 Foundations of the Immune System Organs of the Immune System Cells of the Immune System Monocytes and Macrophages Leukocytes Other Cells Derived from the Myeloid Stem Cell Lymphocytes Major Histocompatibility Complex/Human Leukocyte Antigens Communication between Immune Cells Complement Cytokines 9.6 The Immune Response Innate and Adaptive Immunity Innate Immune Response Inflammation and Healing Nutrition and Wound Healing Adaptive Immune Response 9.7 Autoimmunity 9.8 Attacking Altered and Foreign Cells: Tumors and Transplants Tumor Immunology Transplantation Immunology Transplant Rejection Matching Immunosuppression Transplantation of Specific Organs and Tissues 9.9 Immunization Passive Immunity Active Immunization Types of Vaccines 9.10 Immunodeficiency Malnutrition and Immunodeficiency Inherited Immunodeficiencies Acquired Immunodeficiencies 9.11 Hypersensitivity (Allergy) Overview of Hypersensitivity Definition Hypersensitivity Epidemiology Etiology: Classifications of Allergic Reactions Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Additional Medical Interventions Delayed Hypersensitivity Adverse Reactions to Food Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis Nutrition Therapy for Food Allergy Nutrition Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention 9.12 Conclusion Chapter 10: Nutritional Genomics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Nutritional Genomics: Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, and Nutritional Epigenomics 10.3 An Overview of the Structure and Function of Genetic Material Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Genome Structure Translating the Message from DNA to Protein Transcription and Translation Genetic Variation Inheritance Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Other Polymorphisms Epigenetic Regulation DNA Methylation Histone Modification The Epigenotype Developmental Origins of Adult Disease 10.4 Genomics and Technology 10.5 Nutritional Genomics in Disease Cancer From Single-Gene Inherited Cancers to Gene–Nutrient Interactions Variations in Xenobiotic Metabolism Influence Risk MTHFR and ADH Polymorphisms Interact with Dietary Folate and Alcohol Fruits and Vegetables Obesity Diabetes Cardiovascular Disease 10.6 Nutritional Genomics and the Practice of Nutrition and Dietetics Individual Genomic Testing in Practice Evolving Knowledge and Practice Requirements for Dietitians 10.7 Conclusion Chapter 11: Pharmacology 11.1 Introduction to Pharmacology 11.2 Role of Nutrition Therapy in Pharmacotherapy 11.3 Drug Mechanisms 11.4 Administration of Drugs 11.5 Pharmacokinetics Absorption of Drugs Distribution of Drugs Metabolism of Drugs Excretion of Drugs Alterations in Drug Pharmacokinetics Altered GI Absorption Altered Distribution Altered Metabolism Altered Urinary Excretion How Foods and Drugs Interact Effect of Nutrition on Drug Action Effect of Nutrition on Drug Dissolution Effect of Nutrition on Drug Absorption Effect of Nutrition on Drug Metabolism Effect of Nutrition on Drug Excretion Nutritional Complications Secondary to Pharmacotherapy Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Ingestion Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Absorption Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Metabolism Drug Consequence: Effect on Nutrient Excretion At-Risk Populations Drug–Nutrient Interactions in the Older Adult Drug–Nutrient Interactions in Nutrition Support 11.6 Nutrition Therapy Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment 11.7 Conclusion Part 4: Nutrition Therapy Chapter 12: Diseases and Disorders of Energy Imbalance 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Energy Balance Energy Intake Energy Expenditure Resting Energy Expenditure Thermic Effect of Food PA Energy Expenditure Estimating and Measuring Energy Requirements Equations Indirect Calorimetry Regulation of Energy Balance and Body Weight Neurochemicals That Regulate Appetite and Food Intake Metabolic Activity of the Adipocyte and Adipose Tissue 12.3 Overweight and Obesity Assessment and Identification of Overweight and Obesity Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Fat Distribution Waist Circumference Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio Epidemiology Socioeconomic Status: Race, Gender, and Education Adverse Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity Psychosocial and Emotional Consequences Physiological Consequences Type 2 Diabetes Hypertension Dyslipidemia Hepatobiliary Disorders Cancers Reproductive Disorders Etiology of Obesity Additional Etiology Genetic Effects on Body Weight Obesogenic Factors Physical, Social, Cultural, and Economic Environment Dietary Patterns, Food Choices, and Eating Behaviors Changes in PA Sleep Patterns Treatment of Overweight and Obesity Evidence-Based Guidelines Pharmacologic Treatment Bariatric/Metabolic Surgical Interventions Patient Selection Preoperative care Postoperative care Nutrition Therapy for Overweight and Obesity Nutrition Assessment Client History Anthropometric Measurements Biochemical Indices and Laboratory Measurements Food-/Nutrition-Related History Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Prescription 12.4 Nutrition Intervention Weight-Loss Goals Dietary Interventions Physical Activity Nutrition Counseling Strategies for Behavior Change Underweight Possible Nutrition Diagnoses Underweight in Infants and Children Nutrition Intervention Monitoring/Evaluation 12.5 Eating Disorders Diagnosis and Behavioral Manifestations Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Common Features Epidemiology of Eating Disorders Etiology of Eating Disorders Complications of Eating Disorders Health Complications of AN Health Complications of BN Health Complications of BEDs Treatment of Eating Disorders Medical Treatment Behavioral/Psychotherapy Treatment Nutrition Therapy 12.6 Conclusion Chapter 13: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System The Heart Electrical Activity of the Heart Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Function Regulation of Blood Pressure 13.3 Hypertension Epidemiology Pathophysiology Treatment 13.4 Nutrition Therapy for Hypertension Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention DASH—Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Weight Loss Sodium Alcohol Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium Physical Activity Smoking Cessation 13.5 Atherosclerosis Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Risk Factors Family History Age and Sex Obesity Dyslipidemia Hypertension Physical Inactivity Diabetes Mellitus Impaired Fasting Glucose and Metabolic Syndrome Cigarette Smoke Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Medical Treatment 13.6 Nutrition Therapy for Atherosclerosis Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Physical Activity Saturated Fat Trans Fatty Acids Monounsaturated Fat Ù-3 (Omega-3) Fatty Acids: Linolenic Acid Other Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Cholesterol Fiber Nuts Plant/Sterols (Phytosterols) Nutrition Education and/or Nutrition Counseling Monitoring and Evaluation 13.7 Ischemic Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment 13.8 Nutrition Therapy for Myocardial Infarction Nutrition Intervention 13.9 Peripheral Arterial Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations, Medical Diagnosis, and Treatment 13.10 Heart Failure Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment 13.11 Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Sodium Energy and Protein Fluid Drug–Nutrient Interactions Nutrition Support Recommendations in Heart Failure 13.12 Medical Procedures for Heart Failure CRT, Ventricular Restoration, and VAD Heart Transplant Selection Criteria and the Donor List Transplant Surgery 13.13 Nutrition Therapy for Heart Transplant Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention, Monitoring, and Evaluation Nutrition Support Route Energy Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Fluid Micronutrients 13.14 Atrial Fibrillation Epidemiology Treatment Nutritional Implications and Nutrition Intervention 13.15 Conclusion Chapter 14: Diseases of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract 14.1 Introduction Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Motility, Secretion, Digestion, and Absorption Anatomy and Physiology of the Oral Cavity Oral Cavity Motility Oral Cavity Secretions Physical Assessment of the Oral Cavity: An Important Component of Nutrition Assessment Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach Gastric Motility Gastric Secretions Control of Gastric Secretions Release of Gastric Secretions Gastric Digestion Gastric Absorption Introduction to Pathophysiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Pathophysiology of the Oral Cavity Dental Caries Individuals at Risk for Dental Disease Prevention of Dental Disease Inflammatory Conditions of the Oral Cavity Conditions Resulting in Altered Salivary Gland Function Surgical Procedures for the Oral Cavity Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Impaired Taste: Dysgeusia/Ageusia Nutrition Therapy for Pathophysiology of the Oral Cavity Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Pathophysiology of the Esophagus Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Nutrition Therapy for GERD Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Barrett’s Esophagus—A Complication of GERD Eosinophilic Esophagitis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Diagnosis Clinical Manifestations Treatment Dysphagia Definition Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Nutrition Therapy for Dysphagia Nutritional Implications and Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Hiatal Hernia Definition Clinical Manifestations Achalasia Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Achalasia Esophageal Surgery Definition Nutrition Therapy after Esophagectomy Pathophysiology of the Stomach Indigestion Nausea and Vomiting Nutrition Therapy for Nausea and Vomiting Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Gastritis Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Peptic Ulcer Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease Nutritional Implications and Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Gastric Surgery Vagotomy Gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I), Gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II), and Roux-en-Y Procedure Nutrition Therapy for Gastric Surgery Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Dumping Syndrome Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Bariatric Surgery Gastroparesis Definition Etiology Diagnosis Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Gastroparesis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Stress Ulcers Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome 14.2 Conclusion Chapter 15: Diseases of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Small Intestine Anatomy 15.3 Small Intestine Motility Small Intestine Secretions Small Intestine Digestion Small Intestine Absorption Large Intestine Anatomy Large Intestine Motility Large Intestine Secretions Large Intestine Digestion and Absorption Nutrition Assessment for Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions Pathophysiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Diarrhea Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Diarrhea Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Interventions Constipation Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Constipation Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Interventions Malabsorption Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Fat Malabsorption Carbohydrate Malabsorption Protein Malabsorption Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Malabsorption Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Nutrition Therapy for Fat Malabsorption Nutrition Therapy for Lactose Malabsorption Celiac Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Prognosis and Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Celiac Disease Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Irritable Bowel Syndrome Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Inflammatory Bowel Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Nutrition Therapy during Exacerbation of Disease Nutrition Therapy for Rehabilitation during Periods of Remission Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Common Surgical Interventions for the Lower Gl Tract Jejunostomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy Nutrition Therapy for Jejunostomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy Nutrition Intervention Short Bowel Syndrome Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Short Bowel Syndrome Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) Definition Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for SIBO Intestinal Transplantation Nutrition Therapy for Intestinal Transplantation 15.4 Conclusion Chapter 16: Diseases of the Liver, Gallbladder, and Exocrine Pancreas 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Hepatobiliary System Anatomy of the Liver Functions of the Liver Bile Synthesis Secretion Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Anatomy and Physiology of the Gallbladder Anatomy and Physiology of the Pancreas Diagnostic Procedures 16.3 Pathophysiology Common to the Hepatobiliary Tract Jaundice Portal Hypertension/Ascites Encephalopathy 16.4 Pathophysiology of the Liver Hepatitis Hepatitis A Virus Serum Hepatitis or Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Hepatitis D and E Virus Nutrition Therapy for Viral Hepatitis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Alcoholic Liver Disease 16.5 Nutritional Implications of ALD Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Fatty Liver Nutrition Implications for NAFLD Nutrition Therapy for NAFLD Cirrhosis Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Cirrhosis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Energy Vitamins and Minerals Other Considerations Monitoring and Evaluation Liver Transplant Nutrition Therapy for Liver Transplant Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Pathophysiology of the Biliary System Cholelithiasis (Gallstones) Biliary Obstruction Cholecystitis Cholangitis Nutrition Therapy for Cholelithiasis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 16.6 Pathophysiology of the Exocrine Pancreas Acute Pancreatitis Etiology Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis Signs/Symptoms Medical Treatment Nutrition Implications Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Chronic Pancreatitis Etiology Pathophysiology Medical Treatment Nutrition Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Pancreatic Surgery Nutrition Implications Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 16.7 Conclusion Chapter 17: Diseases of the Endocrine System 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Endocrine System Classification of Hormones Endocrine Function Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Endocrine Pancreas Endocrine Control of Energy Metabolism Insulin Glucagon 17.3 Pathophysiology of the Endocrine System 17.4 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Manifestations Prediabetes (Increased Risk for Diabetes) Diagnosis of Diabetes A1C (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Islet Cell Autoantibodies Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibodies Islet Cell Autoantibodies Insulin Autoantibodies C-Peptide Medical Treatment of Diabetes Insulin Types of Insulin Determining Insulin Doses Insulin Regimens Syringes and Pens Insulin Pumps Medications for T2DM Bariatric Surgery Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Goals of Nutrition Therapy Nutrition Prescriptions Meal Patterns and Planning Carbohydrate Counting Food Lists Monitoring and Evaluation Glycated Hemoglobin Assays (A1C) Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices Testing for Ketones Other Testing Physical Activity Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Intervention Acute Complications Side Effects and Complications of Insulin Therapy Dawn Phenomenon Diabetic Ketoacidosis Pathophysiology Medical Treatment Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome Short-Term Illness Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Long-Term Complications of Hyperglycemia Macrovascular Complications: Cardiovascular Disease Nephropathy Retinopathy Nervous System Diseases Nutrition Therapy for Long-Term Complications of Hyperglycemia Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Medical Treatment Monitoring Nutrition Therapy for GDM Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 17.5 Reactive Hypoglycemia Definition Etiology Pathophysiology Fasting Hypoglycemia Postprandial (Reactive) Hypoglycemia Clinical Manifestations Medical Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Reactive Hypoglycemia Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention 17.6 Other Endocrine Disorders Hypothyroidism Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Definition Epidemiology and Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Hyperthyroidism Pituitary Disorders Pituitary Tumors Hyperpituitarism Acromegaly Cushing’s Syndrome Hypopituitarism Diabetes Insipidus Adrenal Cortex Disorders Excess Secretion of Glucocorticoids Insufficient Secretion of Adrenal Cortex Steroids 17.7 Conclusion Chapter 18: Diseases of the Renal System 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The Kidneys Anatomy Physiological Functions Laboratory Evaluation of Kidney Function Pathophysiology 18.3 Chronic Kidney Disease Definition and Medical Diagnosis Epidemiology Etiology Treatment Dialysis Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Renal Transplantation 18.4 Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention CKD Stages 1–4 (Predialysis) CKD Stage 5 Protein Energy Adjusted Edema-Free Body Weight (aBWef) for Obese and Underweight Patients Fat Potassium Fluid and Sodium Phosphorus Calcium Vitamin Supplementation Mineral Supplementation Nutrition Therapy for Comorbid Conditions and Complications Cardiovascular Disease Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Anemia Medicare Coverage for Medical Nutrition Therapy Nutrition Therapy for Kidney Transplant Protein and Energy Needs Carbohydrate Fat Sodium Potassium Immunosuppressants Cardiovascular Disease Hypomagnesemia Obesity Chronic kidney disease bone mineral disorder (CKD-BMD) Rejection Monitoring and Evaluation 18.5 Acute Kidney Injury Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Electrolytes Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Treatment 18.6 Nutrition Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury Nutrition Intervention 18.7 Nephrolithiasis Definition Epidemiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Treatment 18.8 Nutrition Therapy for Nephrolithiasis Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention 18.9 Conclusion Chapter 19: Diseases of the Hematological System 19.1 Overview of the Hematological System Blood Composition 19.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematological System The Cells of the Hematological System The Development of the Hematological Cells Hemoglobin 19.3 Homeostatic Control of the Hematological System Blood Clotting Factors Affecting Hemostasis Summary 19.4 Nutritional Anemias Microcytic Anemias: Iron-Deficiency and Functional Anemia Definition Epidemiology Etiology Blood Loss Inadequate Intake and/or Absorption Mineral Excesses Contaminants Associated Health Conditions Pica Obesity Anemia of Chronic Disease Helicobacter pylori Infection Alcoholic Liver Disease Gastrointestinal Disease Impaired Thyroid Function Anorexia Nervosa Phenylketonuria Physical Activity Restless Leg Syndrome Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Microcytic Anemias Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Microcytic Anemia Sample PES Statements for Microcytic Anemia Megaloblastic Anemias Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Cyanocobalamin Folate Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Megaloblastic Anemias Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Megaloblastic Anemia Sample PES Statement for Megaloblastic Anemia Monitoring and Evaluation 19.5 Hemochromatosis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Hemochromatosis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Sample Nutrition Diagnostic Terminology for Iron Overload Sample PES Statement for Iron Overload Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Hemoglobinopathies: Non-nutritional Anemias Sickle Cell Anemia Nutrition Therapy Thalassemia Nutrition Therapy Polycythemia Nutrition Therapy Hemolytic Anemia Nutrition Therapy Anemia of Prematurity Nutrition Therapy Aplastic Anemia Nutrition Therapy 19.6 Clotting and Bleeding Disorders Hemophilia Nutrition Therapy Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn Nutrition Therapy 19.7 Conclusion Chapter 20: Diseases and Disorders of the Neurological System 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System 20.3 Communication within the Nervous System 20.4 The Central Nervous System (CNS) 20.5 Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Antiepileptic Drugs Other Medical Treatments 20.6 Nutrition Therapy for Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 20.7 Stroke and Aneurysm Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment 20.8 Nutrition Therapy for Stroke Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Nutrition and Stroke Prevention Progressive Neurological Disorders Parkinson’s Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment 20.9 Nutrition Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Sample PES Statement Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Guillain–Barré Syndrome Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Myasthenia Gravis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Multiple Sclerosis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment 20.10 Nutrition Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Dementia Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment 20.11 Nutrition Therapy for Dementia Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 20.12 Neurotrauma and Spinal Cord Injury Traumatic Brain Injury Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment 20.13 Nutrition Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Spinal Cord Injury Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Treatment 20.14 Nutrition Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury Nutritional Implications Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 20.15 Conclusion Chapter 21: Diseases of the Respiratory System 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Measures of Pulmonary Function Nutrition and Pulmonary Health 21.3 Asthma Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Therapy for Asthma 21.4 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Definition Etiology Treatment 21.5 Nutrition Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis Energy and Protein Requirements Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 21.6 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology: Chronic Bronchitis Clinical Manifestations: Chronic Bronchitis Pathophysiology: Emphysema Clinical Manifestations: Emphysema Treatment 21.7 Nutrition Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Nutrition Assessment and Diagnosis Anthropometric Measurements Medication Use Physical Activity and Function Nutrition Intervention Energy and Nutrient Needs Pulmonary Rehabilitation 21.8 Cystic Fibrosis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis 21.9 Nutrition Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Anthropometric Measurements Biochemical Data and Medical Tests Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Nutrition-Related Medication Management: Pancreatic Enzyme Therapy Energy and Macronutrients Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Recommended Infant Feeding 21.10 Conclusion 21.11 Pneumonia Definition Epidemiology Etiology Aspiration Pneumonia Patients with Tracheostomies Nutritional Implications Respiratory Failure 21.12 Nutrition Therapy for Mechanically Ventilated Individuals Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment and Intervention Nutrient Requirements 21.13 Transplantation Definition and Epidemiology Pathophysiology 21.14 Nutrition Therapy for Transplantation Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrient Requirements Nutrition Intervention 21.15 Conclusion Chapter 22: Metabolic Stress and the Critically Ill 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Physiological Response to Starvation 22.3 Physiological Response to Stress Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 22.4 Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Stress Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention 22.5 Sepsis Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Pathophysiology Treatment 22.6 Nutrition Therapy for Sepsis 22.7 Burns Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Pathophysiology Treatment 22.8 Nutrition Therapy for Burns Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention 22.9 Surgery Definition Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Manifestations Nutrition Assessment 22.10 Peri-/Postoperative Nutrition Therapy: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocols (ERAS) Postoperative Nutrition Therapy 22.11 HIV and AIDS Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Treatment Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Intervention 22.12 Conclusion Chapter 23: Neoplastic Disease 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Definition 23.3 Epidemiology 23.4 Etiology of Cancer 23.5 Cancer Genetics 23.6 Cancer and Nutrition Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis Treatment Surgery Cancer Diagnoses Requiring Surgery Cancers of the Head and Neck Esophageal Cancer Gastric Cancer Intestinal Cancers Pancreatic Cancer Chemotherapy Radiation Biological and Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 23.7 Nutrition Therapy for Individuals with Cancer Nutritional Implications Nutrition Assessment Determining Nutrient Requirements Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Interventions for Common Side Effects of Cancer and Treatment Early Satiety Mucositis Diarrhea Dysgeusia Xerostomia Anorexia Immunosuppression Nutrition Interventions during Chemotherapy and Radiation Treatment Interventions before and after Surgery Nutrition Interventions for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Monitoring and Evaluation Nutrition for Cancer Survivors 23.8 Conclusion Chapter 24: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Skeletal System 24.3 Cartilage Bone The Cells of Osseous Tissue Skeletal Growth and Development Cortical and Trabecular Bone Hormonal Control of Bone Metabolism Osteoporosis Epidemiology Etiology Nutritional Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Calcium Vitamin D Other Nutrients and Food Components Physical Activity Cigarette Smoking Alcohol Pathophysiology Medical Diagnosis Treatment Adequate Calcium and Vitamin D Physical Activity and Fall Prevention Pharmaceutical Treatment 24.4 Nutrition Therapy for Osteoporosis Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Diagnosis Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 24.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia Rickets Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations Prevention Treatment Osteomalacia Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Treatment 24.6 Arthritic Conditions Definition and Epidemiology 24.7 Osteoarthritis Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations Treatment Nutrition Implications Nutrition Assessment Nutrition Interventions Gout Epidemiology and Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations Treatment 24.8 Conclusion Chapter 25: Metabolic Disorders 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Epidemiology and Inheritance 25.3 Pathophysiology of Impaired Metabolism 25.4 Medical Diagnosis/Newborn Screening 25.5 Clinical Manifestations of Inborn Errors of Metabolism 25.6 Medical Approaches to Treatment Acute Medical Therapy Use of Scavenger Drugs to Remove Toxic By-Products 25.7 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Inborn Errors of Metabolism: General Guidelines Acute Medical Nutrition Therapy The Nutrition Care Process for Inborn Errors of Metabolism Chronic Medical Nutrition Therapy Restriction of Precursors Supplementation of the End Products Providing Alternate Substrates for Metabolism Supplementation of Vitamins or Other Cofactor Nutrients 25.8 Amino Acidopathies Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations Phenylketonuria Medical Nutrition Therapy for Amino Acid Disorders Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Management during Pregnancy Organic Acidemias Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Propionic Acidemia Medical Nutrition Therapy for Propionic Acidemia Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Adjunct Medical and Nutritional Therapies 25.9 Urea Cycle Disorders Epidemiology, Etiology, and Clinical Manifestations Acute Medical Treatment Chronic Medical Treatment Medical Nutrition Therapy for Urea Cycle Disorders Acute Nutrition Intervention Chronic Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 25.10 Mitochondrial Disorders Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Medical Diagnosis Respiratory Chain Defects Medical Nutrition Therapy for Mitochondrial Disorders Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 25.11 Disorders Related to Vitamin Metabolism and Vitamin-Responsive Metabolic Disorders Etiology Medical Nutrition Therapy for Vitamin-Responsive Metabolic Disorders Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism Galactosemia Medical Nutrition Therapy for Galactosemia Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Fructose-1,6-Diphosphatase Deficiency Medical Nutrition Therapy for FDP Deficiency Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Glycogen Storage Diseases Glycogen Storage Disease Type I Medical Nutrition Therapy for Glycogen Storage Diseases Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation 25.12 Disorders of Fat Metabolism Etiology and Clinical Manifestations Medical Nutrition Therapy for Disorders of Fat Metabolism Acute Nutrition Intervention Chronic Nutrition Intervention Monitoring and Evaluation Adjunct Medical Therapies 25.13 Conclusion Appendices Appendix A—Answers to Chapter Review Questions Appendix B—Answers to Application of the Nutrition Care Process Questions Appendix C1—Healthy U.S.- Style Eating Pattern Appendix C2—Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern Appendix C3—Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern Appendix D1—Triceps Skinfold Thickness, Arm Muscle Area (AMA), and Mid-Upper Arm Fat Area (AFA): P Appendix D2—Nomogram for Calculations of Arm Muscle Circumference and Area Appendix E—Routine Laboratory Tests with Nutritional Implications Appendix F—Normal Values for Physical Examination Appendix G—Nutritional Deficiencies Revealed by Physical Examination Appendix H—Choose Your Foods: Exchange Lists for Diabetes Appendix I—Common Medical Abbreviations Glossary Index

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