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Ebook details:
عنوان: Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings (6th Edition) (What's New in Trades & Technology)
نویسنده: Richard R. Janis, William K. Y. Tao
ناشر: Pearson; 6 edition (February 10, 2018)
زبان: English
شابک: 0134701186, 978-01347011899780134701608, 0134701607
حجم: 97 Mb
فرمت: Epub + Converted pdf

Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Buildings Preface New To This Edition Organization of the Sixth Edition Download Instructor Resources from the Instructor Resource Center Contributing Authors Organizations Reviewers Contents Chapter One Introduction to Mechanical and Electrical Systems, Sustainable Design, and Evaluating Options 1.1 Sustainable Design 1.1.1 Overview of Sustainability 1.1.2 Design Interactions 1.1.3 Environmental Impact of Buildings and Building Systems 1.1.4 Water Conservation 1.1.5 Energy Conservation 1.2 Indoor Environmental Quality 1.2.1 Components of IEQ 1.2.2 Indoor Air Quality 1.2.3 Thermal Comfort 1.2.4 Individual Control 1.2.5 Superior Lighting Systems Daylight 1.2.6 Connection with Outdoors 1.3 Commissioning 1.3.1 Scope of Commissioning 1.3.2 Benefits of Commissioning 1.3.3 Range of Applications 1.3.4 Checklists and Forms 1.4 Evaluating Design Options 1.4.1 Subjective Viewpoints 1.4.2 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Analysis 1.4.3 Decision Matrix Method 1.4.4 Economic Evaluation Solution Solution Solution Solution 1.4.5 Considering Environmental Emissions in Life-Cycle Analysis Solution 1.4.6 Energy Usage in Perspective with Other Operating Expenses 1.4.7 Energy Cost Compared with Personnel Cost 1.4.8 Economics of Productivity and Energy 1.4.9 Considering Personnel Productivity in Life-Cycle Analysis Solution Questions Chapter Two HVAC Fundamentals 2.1 Basics of Energy and power Solution Solution Solution Solution 2.2 Fuels 2.2.1 Energy Content 2.2.2 Relative Cost of Fuels Solution Electric Rates Solution Heat Pumps Natural Gas LP and Oil Solution 2.3 Properties of Air–Water Mixtures 2.3.1 Psychrometry 2.3.2 Absolute and Relative Humidity 2.3.3 Effect of Temperature on Humidity 2.3.4 Wet-Bulb Temperature 2.3.5 Sensible, Latent, and Total Heat 2.3.6 Sensible Heating and Cooling 2.3.7 Processes Involving Latent Heat 2.3.8 Examples to Understand the Psychrometric Chart 2.4 Fluid Flow and Pressure in Mechanical Systems 2.5 Energy Transport in HVAC Systems 2.5.1 Heat Transport in Air Sensible Heat Transfer in Air Latent Heat Transfer in Air Total Heat Transfer in Air 2.5.2 Heat Transport in Water 2.5.3 Heat Transport by Fluid Phase Change Heat Transfer in Steam Heat Transfer in Refrigerants 2.5.4 Selecting Fluid Flow Rates for HVAC Systems Water Flow Airflow Steam Flow Refrigerant Flow 2.5.5 Examples for Understanding Heat Transfer by Fluid Flow 2.6 Environmental Comfort 2.6.1 Comfort for Occupants 2.6.2 Temperature and Humidity 2.6.3 Airflow 2.6.4 Air Quality 2.6.5 Radiant Effects 2.6.6 Special Considerations Questions Chapter Three HVAC Load Estimating 3.1 Nature of HVAC Loads 3.1.1 Methods for Estimating Loads 3.1.2 Manual Versus Computer Calculations 3.1.3 Accuracy and Precision 3.2 Load Criteria 3.2.1 Critical Conditions for Design 3.2.2 Temperature Criteria 3.3 Calculating Heating Loads 3.3.1 Conduction 3.3.2 Estimating U-Factors for Building Assemblies 3.3.3 Infiltration 3.3.4 Ventilation 3.3.5 Miscellaneous Loads 3.3.6 Heating Load Problem 3.1 3.4 Calculating Cooling Loads 3.4.1 Conducted and Solar Heat Through Glazing 3.4.2 Conduction Through Walls and Roofs 3.4.3 Infiltration and Ventilation 3.4.4 Internal Heat Gains 3.4.5 Loads in Return Air Plenums 3.4.6 Sample Problems 3.2 and 3.3 3.5 Reference Tables and Figures Questions Chapter Four HVAC Load Management 4.1 Load Management Strategies and Criteria for Evaluation 4.1.1 Specification of Example Building for Demonstration of Load Management Strategies 4.1.2 Strategies for Load Management 4.1.3 Criteria for Evaluation of Load Management Strategies Construction Cost Energy Performance Utilities Indoor Environmental Quality 4.2 Evaluation of Load Management Strategies 4.2.1 Building Geometry and Form Building Scale Aspect Ratio and Orientation 4.2.2 Wall Orientation 4.2.3 Altering Glass Orientation Example 4.4a: 40% Glass, All Elevations Example 4.4b: 60% Glass on North and South, 20% Glass on East and West, 40% overall Example 4.4c: Savings by Moving Glass from East and West to North and South 4.2.4 Window-to-Wall Area Ratio 4.2.5 Window Solar Load Control Lower Shading Coefficient (SC) Shading Devices to Reduce Solar Load and Glare Shading by Deciduous Plants 4.2.6 Thermal Properties of Walls and Roofs Insulation Levels Thermal Mass Absorptivity 4.2.7 Infiltration 4.2.8 Ventilation Criteria and Control Example 4.9a: Ventilation Costs Example 4.9b: Energy Recovery Savings Example 4.10a: Ventilation Costs Example 4.10b: Energy Recovery Savings 4.2.9 Controlling Lighting Loads Efficient Light Sources Lighting Loads and Return Air Plenums Task-ambient Lighting Design Occupancy Controls Day Lighting 4.2.10 Appliance Loads 4.3 Summary Questions Chapter Five HVAC Delivery Systems 5.1 Control of Heating and Cooling 5.2 Zoning 5.3 Controls and Automation 5.3.1 Definition 5.3.2 Basic Control Systems and Devices Basic Control Systems Distributed Control Basic Control Devices 5.3.3 Building Automation and Energy Management 5.3.4 Human Safety 5.3.5 Equipment Protection 5.4 Commonly Used Systems for Zone Control 5.4.1 Constant-Temperature, Variable Volume (On–Off) 5.4.2 Single-Zone Constant Air Volume 5.4.3 Single-Zone Reheat 5.4.4 Multiple-Zone Constant-Volume Terminal-Reheat 5.4.5 Constant-Volume Dual Duct 5.4.6 Multizone 5.4.7 Single-Zone Variable Air Volume 5.4.8 Multiple-Zone Variable Air Volume 5.4.9 Variable Air Volume Reheat Terminals 5.4.10 Variable Air Volume Dual-Duct Terminals 5.4.11 Variable Air Volume Multizone 5.4.12 Fan Terminal Units 5.4.13 Fan Coils 5.4.14 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) 5.4.15 Radiant Panel Heating and Cooling 5.4.16 Chilled Beams 5.4.17 Radiant Floor Systems 5.4.18 Package Terminal Air Conditioners 5.4.19 Water-Source Heat Pumps 5.5 Dedicated Outside Air Systems Questions Chapter Six Cooling Production Equipment and Systems 6.1 Refrigeration Cycles 6.1.1 Vapor Compression Cycle 6.1.2 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 6.1.3 Coefficient of Performance Solution 6.1.4 Evaporative Cooling 6.1.5 Desiccant Cooling 6.1.6 Refrigerants 6.2 Cooling Production Equipment 6.3 Direct Expansion (DX) Systems 6.4 Chilled-Water Systems 6.4.1 Chilled Water Versus DX 6.4.2 Vapor Compression Chillers Hermetic Scroll Chillers Rotary Helical Chillers Centrifugal Chillers 6.4.3 Design Variations 6.4.4 Absorption Chillers 6.4.5 Engine-Driven Chillers 6.5 Heat Rejection from Cooling Systems to the Environment 6.5.1 Air-Cooled Systems 6.5.2 Water-Cooled Systems 6.5.3 Cooling Towers Selecting a Tower Airflow Placement of Cooling Tower Configurations and Materials 6.6 Chilled-Water Plant Design 6.6.1 Basic Configurations Central Plant Distributed Water Chillers Chilled-Water Loop District Plants 6.6.2 Sizing Equipment 6.6.3 Modular Chillers 6.6.4 Combining Electric and Absorption 6.6.5 Chiller Circuiting Arrangements Series Arrangement Parallel Arrangement Combination Series/Parallel Arrangement 6.6.6 Distribution Pumping Arrangements Unit Loop Primary Loop Secondary Loops 6.6.7 Energy Features Heat Recovery Thermal Storage Ice Storage Cooling Without Compressors 6.6.8 Plant Layout Arrangement of Equipment Maintenance and Service 6.6.9 Case Study Questions Chapter Seven Heating Production Equipment and Systems 7.1 Types of Heating Systems 7.2 Heating Energy Sources 7.3 Combustion Efficiency 7.4 Furnaces and Air Heaters 7.4.1 Types of Furnaces 7.4.2 Furnaces 7.4.3 Typical Furnace Arrangements 7.5 Boilers 7.5.1 Types of Boilers 7.5.2 Fire Tube Boilers 7.5.3 Water Tube Boilers 7.5.4 Cast-Iron Sectional Boilers 7.5.5 Condensing Boilers Solution 7.5.6 Electric Boilers 7.6 Selection of Medium and Equipment 7.6.1 Selection of Medium: Steam versus Hot-Water Generation 7.6.2 Selection of Equipment 7.7 Auxiliary Systems 7.7.1 Burners 7.7.2 Boiler Blowdown of Steam Boilers 7.7.3 Feedwater System 7.7.4 Fuel Handling 7.7.5 Combustion Air Solution 7.7.6 Fuel Train 7.7.7 Flue Gas Handling Flue Gas Temperature Flue Gas Velocities Draft Mechanical Draft Flue Stack Height Construction 7.7.8 Water Treatment 7.7.9 Principles of Treatment Planning 7.8 Operating and Safety Controls 7.9 Heating Plant Design 7.9.1 Location of the Plant 7.9.2 Factors to Consider in Selecting Heating Plant Locations 7.10 District Heating Solution 7.11 Cogeneration 7.12 Fuel Cells 7.13 Solar Heating 7.13.1 Solar Collection Thermal Efficiency Questions Chapter Eight Air-Handling Equipment and Systems 8.1 Air-Handling Equipment 8.1.1 General Construction 8.1.2 Air-Handling Unit Configurations 8.2 Heat Transfer 8.2.1 Water Coils 8.2.2 Steam Coils 8.2.3 Electrical Coils 8.2.4 Direct Expansion (DX) Coils 8.3 Air Cleaning 8.3.1 Means of Cleaning Air 8.3.2 Rating and Testing Air Filters 8.3.3 Types of Air Filters 8.3.4 Typical Air Filters 8.3.5 Application of Air Filters 8.4 Air Mixing 8.5 Fans 8.5.1 Types of Fans Centrifugal Fans Roof Ventilators Utility Sets Axial and Propeller Fans 8.5.2 Application of Fans Air-Handling Unit Fans Return Air Fans Fan Arrays Ceiling-Mounted Fans and High-Volume Low-Speed (HVLS) Fans 8.5.3 Volume (Flow Rate) Controls 8.5.4 Fan Drives 8.5.5 Fan Performance and Fan Laws 8.5.6 Examples of Fan Performance Answers 8.6 Duct Systems 8.6.1 General Classifications for Ductwork 8.6.2 Symbols for Sheet Metalwork 8.6.3 Duct Shapes and Insulation Methods 8.6.4 Materials of Construction 8.6.5 Duct Assembly Plastic Film and Fabric Ductwork 8.6.6 Coordination of Ductwork with Other Building Elements 8.6.7 Materials and Fittings for Sound Control 8.7 Air Devices 8.7.1 General Classifications 8.7.2 Grilles and Registers 8.7.3 Ceiling Diffusers for Air-Conditioning 8.7.4 Special Concerns for Warm-Air Supply 8.7.5 Spacing, Distribution, and Area of Coverage 8.8 General Guidelines for Duct System Design 8.9 Underfloor Air Systems (UFAD) 8.9.1 Access-Floor Distribution 8.9.2 Displacement Ventilation 8.9.3 Effect on Air-Conditioning Loads and Ventilation Effectiveness 8.9.4 Humidity Control 8.9.5 Air Quality Advantage 8.9.6 Applications 8.10 Energy Recovery from Exhaust 8.10.1 Runaround Coils 8.10.2 Plate Heat Exchangers 8.10.3 Heat Pipes 8.10.4 Rotary Heat Exchangers 8.11 Natural Ventilation 8.11.1 Historical Perspective 8.11.2 Common Arguments Against Operable Windows 8.11.3 Energy Savings Questions Chapter Nine Piping Equipment and Systems 9.1 Piping Systems and Components 9.1.1 Forced or Gravity Flow 9.1.2 Open or Closed System 9.1.3 Water as the Basic Medium 9.1.4 Basic HVAC Piping Systems 9.2 Pumps 9.2.1 Classification 9.2.2 Pump Performance Performance Curves System Curve Power Requirement Net Positive Suction Head Capacity Control 9.2.3 Basic Hydronic Formulas Flow Rate Calculations Pump Power Calculations 9.2.4 Examples Answers 9.3 Heat Exchangers 9.3.1 Shell-and-Tube Type 9.3.2 Plate Type 9.4 Piping 9.4.1 Materials for Pipes 9.4.2 Methods for Joining Pipes 9.4.3 Valves and Accessories Functions of Valves Types of Valves Fittings and Accessories 9.4.4 Water Piping Systems Pipe Sizing Criteria Pipe Sizing Data Air Management Typical Piping Details 9.4.5 Steam-Piping Systems Heating Value of Steam and Condensate Pipe Sizing Steam Traps Accessories and Details 9.4.6 Refrigerant Piping Systems Pipe Sizing Criteria Joints Refrigeration Piping Diagram and Accessories 9.4.7 Other Piping Systems Gas Piping Fuel Oil Piping 9.4.8 Thermal Expansion Expansion Tanks Piping Expansion 9.4.9 Insulation Questions Chapter Ten Plumbing Equipment and Systems 10.1 Water Supply and Treatment 10.1.1 Water Quality 10.1.2 Processes Commonly Used to Improve Water Quality 10.1.3 Water Conditioning Water-Softening System Water Purification Systems Water Filtration Systems 10.2 Domestic Water Distribution Systems 10.2.1 Determination of Domestic Water System Load Plumbing Facilities Solution Solution Food Services Laundry Services Heating and Cooling Systems Solution Exteriors Swimming Pools Solution Research and Processing Fire Protection Solution Solution 10.2.2 Determination of Water Pressure Fixture or Equipment Water Meter and Backflow Preventer Piping Solution Pipe Fittings and Control Devices Solution Differences in Elevation Solution Available Water Pressure and Pressure Boosting Solution 10.2.3 Hot-Water System Variations in Design Hot-Water Demand Hot-Water Temperature Maintenance of Water Temperature Hot-Water Capacities 10.2.4 Design Considerations for Water Distribution Systems Piping Material Thermal Insulation Acoustic Isolation Expansion or Contraction Preventing Backflow Shock Absorption 10.3 Plumbing Fixtures and Components 10.3.1 Plumbing Fixtures Water Closets Urinals Lavatories Sinks Drinking Fountains Electric Water Coolers Bathtubs Showers Bidets 10.3.2 Water Use in Fixtures 10.3.3 Components of Fixtures Traps Air Gap Prevention of Backflow 10.3.4 Fixture Units 10.4 Planning Plumbing Facilities 10.4.1 Minimum Requirements by Code 10.4.2 Substitution for Water Closets Solution Solution 10.4.3 Planning Guidelines 10.5 Sanitary Drainage Systems 10.5.1 Drainage-Waste Venting 10.5.2 Piping Materials and Fittings 10.5.3 Sizing of Drain Lines 10.5.4 Sizing of Vent Pipes 10.5.5 Design Guidelines for a DWV System 10.6 Sewage Treatment and Disposal 10.6.1 The Sewage Treatment Process 10.6.2 Sewage Treatment Plants 10.6.3 Septic Tank System 10.6.4 Gray Water Systems 10.7 Storm Drainage System 10.7.1 Design Principle 10.7.2 Data on Rainfall 10.7.3 Design of Storm Drainage Systems 10.7.4 Subsoil Drainage System 10.8 Plumbing Services for Other Building Equipment Questions Chapter Eleven Fire Protection Equipment and Systems 11.1 Classification of Fire and Construction Hazards 11.1.1 Classification of Fires 11.1.2 Classification of Hazards 11.1.3 Type of Construction 11.1.4 Use or Occupancy 11.2 Planning for Fire Protection 11.3 Fire Safety Design 11.4 Fire Detection and Signaling Devices 11.4.1 Manual Alarm Station 11.4.2 Thermal Detectors 11.4.3 Smoke Detectors 11.4.4 Flame Detectors 11.4.5 Magnetic Door Release 11.4.6 Signal Devices 11.4.7 Flow Detectors 11.4.8 Visual Annunciation Devices 11.5 Fire Alarm Systems 11.6 Fire Suppression Systems 11.6.1 Water Supply 11.6.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers 11.6.3 Standpipe-and-Hose Systems 11.6.4 Other Fire Suppression Systems Foam Systems Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems Dry Chemicals Mist Systems 11.7 Automatic Sprinkler Systems 11.7.1 Required Locations 11.7.2 Sprinklers Solution Solution 11.7.3 Types of Automatic Sprinkler Systems 11.7.4 Piping Material and Components 11.7.5 Fire Pumps 11.7.6 Planning Guidelines 11.7.7 System Design Approaches Pipe Schedule Method Solution 11.7.8 Hydraulic Calculations 11.7.9 Combined Systems 11.8 Smoke Controls 11.8.1 Stack Effect 11.8.2 Pressure Control Local Exhaust Pressure Sandwich Compartmentation Stair Pressurization Sealing of All Penetrations Pressure Control in the Elevator Shaft Questions Chapter Twelve Introduction to Electricity 12.1 Basic Properties of Electricity 12.1.1 Units of Measure 12.1.2 Ohm’s Law Solution Solution 12.1.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 12.1.4 Resistance in Electric Circuits Series Circuit Solution Parallel Circuit Solution Solution Series–Parallel Circuit Solution 12.1.5 Power and Energy Solution 12.2 Alternating Current (AC) 12.2.1 Basic Properties of Alternating Current AC Resistance Reactance Impedance Answer Solution 12.2.2 Ohm’s Law for AC 12.2.3 Effective Value of Alternating Current and Voltage 12.2.4 Frequency 12.3 Advantages of AC over DC Systems 12.4 AC-TO-DC Conversion 12.5 Single-Phase Versus Three-Phase Alternator 12.6 Power and Power Factor 12.6.1 Apparent Power 12.6.2 Reactive Power 12.6.3 Working Power 12.6.4 The Power Triangle Solution 12.6.5 Power Factor Solution Solution 12.7 Voltage and Voltage Drop 12.8 Summary of Properties Questions Chapter Thirteen Power Supply and Distribution 13.1 Power Supply Sources 13.2 Power Distribution Systems Solution 13.3 System and Equipment Voltage Ratings 13.3.1 Loads Less Than 100 kVA 13.3.2 Loads Greater Than 100 kVA 13.3.3 Common Distribution Systems Simple Secondary Radial Distributed Radial Primary Loop Primary Selective Primary Loop with Secondary Tie 13.4 Grounding 13.4.1 Grounded System 13.4.2 Ungrounded Systems 13.4.3 Grounding Methods System Grounding Equipment Grounding 13.4.4 Polarization 13.4.5 Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter 13.5 Short-Circuit and Interrupting Capacity 13.5.1 Short Circuit 13.5.2 Short-Circuit Calculations 13.5.3 Interrupting Capacity Solution Solution 13.6 Emergency Power Systems 13.6.1 Alternative Energy Power Supplies 13.6.2 Types of Loads 13.6.3 Emergency Power Capacities 13.6.4 Power Generator Sets 13.6.5 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Energy Storage Options 13.7 Solar Photovoltaic Systems 13.7.1 Efficiency and Economics 13.8 Power Equipment 13.8.1 Service Entrance 13.8.2 Switchboards and Panelboards 13.8.3 Transformers Classification Ratings and Performance K-Factor Rated and Harmonic Mitigating Trans­formers Surge Suppression 13.8.4 Motors and Motor Starters Motors Motor Starters Variable Frequency Drives 13.9 Conductors 13.9.1 Wire Sizes American Wire Gauge Circular Mil and Square Mil 13.9.2 Current-Carrying Capacity 13.9.3 Dimension of Conductors Solution 13.10 Wiring Methods Solution Solution Solution 13.11 Installation of Wires in Raceways 13.11.1 Partial Fill of Raceways 13.11.2 Accessible Boxes Solution Solution Solution Solution Solution 13.12 Wiring Devices 13.12.1 Switches 13.12.2 Remote-Control Low-Voltage Switching 13.12.3 Receptacles 13.12.4 Contactors and Relays 13.12.5 Dimmers 13.13 Protective Devices 13.13.1 Circuit Breakers Classification of Circuit Breakers Construction and Features of Circuit Breakers Operating Principles of Circuit Breakers Advantages of Circuit Breakers 13.13.2 Fuses Classification of Fuses Operating Principle of Fuses Advantages of Fuses 13.13.3 Application of Protective Devices Questions Chapter Fourteen Electrical Design and Wiring 14.1 Electrical Design Procedure 14.2 Analysis of Building Needs 14.3 Determination of Electrical Loads 14.3.1 Lighting Power 14.3.2 Mechanical Equipment 14.3.3 Building Equipment 14.3.4 Auxiliary Systems 14.3.5 Server Rooms 14.3.6 Convenience Power 14.3.7 Connected and Demand Loads Connected Load Demand Load Diversity Coefficient 14.4 System Selection and Typical Equipment Ratings 14.4.1 Three-Phase Versus Single-Phase Systems 14.4.2 Common Voltage Ratings Elevators Food Service Equipment Mechanical Equipment Household Appliances 14.5 Coordination with Other Design Decisions 14.5.1 Interfacing of Building Systems 14.5.2 Space Planning Accessibility Safety Common Access Spaces Integration of Electrical and Structural Elements 14.6 Preparation of Electrical Plans and Specifications 14.6.1 Graphic Symbols 14.6.2 Electrical Plans 14.6.3 Specifications 14.7 National Electrical Code 14.7.1 Scope and Arrangement of NEC 14.7.2 Essentials of NEC 14.8 Branch Circuits 14.8.1 Branch Circuiting Design 14.8.2 Branch Circuiting Layout Branch Circuiting with NM Cables Branch Circuiting with Wiring in Conduit 14.9 Tables and Schedules 14.9.1 Panelboard Schedules 14.9.2 Feeder Schedule 14.9.3 Mechanical Equipment Data Schedule 14.9.4 Lighting Fixture Schedule 14.9.5 Control and Automation Schedules 14.10 Power Wiring Design Problem 14.11 Wiring of Low-Voltage Systems 14.11.1 Types of Cables 14.11.2 Planning Low-Voltage Systems Questions Chapter Fifteen Communications, Life Safety, and Security Systems 15.1 Common Characteristics of Telecommunication Systems 15.2 Classification of Telecommunication Systems 15.3 Components and Wiring 15.3.1 Basic Components Power Supply Unit Sensing and Signaling Devices Control Devices 15.3.2 Wiring for Telecommunication Systems 15.3.3 Basic Wiring for Low-Voltage and High-Frequency Systems Characteristic Impedance Transmission Capacity Basic Wiring Systems RGB Cable 15.3.4 Fiber Optics Light Transmission Within Transparent Fiber Conversion of Electromagnetic Waves Advantages and Application of Fiber Optics 15.3.5 Selection of Wiring Systems 15.4 Telecommunication Systems 15.4.1 Standard Radio and Video Frequencies 15.4.2 Off-Air/Over-the-Air (OTA) Systems Exterior Antennas Telecommunication Satellites Satellite Receiver/Transmitter for Building Services Signal Distribution 15.5 Data Distribution Systems 15.5.1 Types of Distribution Systems Local Area Network LAN Topologies Wide-Area Network Virtual Private Network (VPN) Wireless Communications 15.5.2 Design Considerations 15.6 Security Systems 15.6.1 Types of Systems Intrusion Detection Access Controls Detection Within the Building Annunciation Recording Information 15.6.2 Closed-Circuit Television 15.7 Telephone Systems 15.7.1 Types of Systems 15.7.2 Design Considerations 15.8 Fire Alarm Systems 15.8.1 Code Requirements 15.8.2 Types of Systems Central Station Versus Local System Manual or Automatic System Coded or Noncoded System Supervised or Nonsupervised System Single or Zoned System Single-Stage or Two-Stage Systems General Alarm or Presignal System Voice Communication System Addressable or Nonaddressable System Standalone or Integrated System 15.8.3 Design Considerations 15.9 Sound System 15.9.1 Basic Components Microphones Speakers Amplifiers 15.9.2 Design Considerations 15.10 Time and Program Systems 15.11 Videoconferencing 15.12 Miscellaneous and Specialty Systems Questions Chapter Sixteen Light and Lighting 16.1 Light and the Energy Spectrum 16.1.1 The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum 16.1.2 Light Converted from Other Energy 16.2 Physics of Light 16.2.1 Photometric Units 16.2.2 Energy of Light 16.2.3 Power and Intensity of Light 16.2.4 Illumination The Inverse Square Law The Cosine Law 16.2.5 Luminance (L) and Brightness 16.2.6 Luminous Exitance (M) 16.2.7 Contrast (C) Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution: 16.3 Vision and the Visible Spectrum 16.3.1 Visual Comfort 16.3.2 Glare 16.3.3 Modeling 16.3.4 The Visible Spectrum Representative Colors White Light and the Rainbow Ultraviolet and Infrared Primary Colors Secondary Colors Subtractive Primaries Reflection of Light 16.4 Color 16.4.1 Color Specifications Three Basic Characteristics of Color Color Systems 16.4.2 Color Temperature 16.4.3 Color Rendering Mixing of Colors Matching Colors Psychology of Color Color-Rendering Index 16.4.4 Color Selection 16.5 Means of Controlling Light Questions Chapter Seventeen Lighting Equipment and Systems 17.1 Electrical Light Sources 17.2 Factors to Consider in Selecting Light Sources and Equipment 17.2.1 Light Output 17.2.2 Intensity 17.2.3 Efficiency of Light Production and Luminous Efficacy 17.2.4 Luminaire Efficiency 17.2.5 Rated Lamp Life Solution: 17.2.6 Lumen Depreciation 17.2.7 Color Temperature 17.2.8 Color-Rendering Index 17.2.9 Shape and Base 17.2.10 Size Designation 17.2.11 Flicker and Stroboscopic Effect 17.2.12 Brightness 17.3 Incandescent Light Sources 17.3.1 Rated Life 17.3.2 Efficacy 17.3.3 Color Rendering and Color Preference 17.3.4 Major Types of Incandescent Lamps General-Service Type Tungsten–Halogen Lamps Miniature Reflector (MR) Lamps 17.4 Fluorescent Light Sources 17.4.1 Shape and Size 17.4.2 Temperature Effect on Operation 17.4.3 Efficacy and Lumen Depreciation 17.4.4 Rated Life 17.4.5 Color Temperatures 17.4.6 Color Rendering 17.4.7 Ballasts 17.4.8 Dimming of Fluorescent Lamps Compact Lamps Specialty Lamps 17.5 High-Intensity Discharge Light Sources 17.5.1 Types of HID Lamps 17.5.2 Characteristics of HID Lamps Configuration and Designation Performance Lamp Lumen Depreciation Starting Characteristics Operation Equipment Operating Factor 17.6 Light-Emitting Diodes (Leds) 17.6.1 Operating Principles 17.6.2 Drivers and Controls Drivers Tuning and Control 17.6.3 Starting 17.6.4 Spectrum and Color 17.6.5 Shapes 17.6.6 Efficacy 17.6.7 Life 17.7 General Comparison of Light Sources 17.8 Luminaires 17.8.1 Classification of Luminaires 17.8.2 Examples of Luminaire Specifications 17.8.3 Luminaire Photometry 17.9 Outdoor Luminaires 17.9.1 Applications of Outdoor Luminaires 17.9.2 Construction of Outdoor Luminaires 17.9.3 Photometrics of Outdoor Luminaires Questions Chapter Eighteen Calculating Illumination Levels 18.1 Illumination Criteria 18.2 Basis for Illumination Calculations 18.2.1 Calculating Light Power Density: Illuminance 18.2.2 Applicability of the Two Methods 18.3 The Zonal Cavity Method 18.3.1 Light Loss Factor Solution: 18.3.2 Coefficient of Utilization (CU) Solution: Solution: Solution: 18.3.3 Preliminary Method for Determining the Coefficient of Utilization 18.4 Application of the Zonal Cavity Method 18.4.1 Illustration of the Zonal Cavity Method Solution 18.4.2 Initial Illuminance of a Lighting System 18.4.3 Limitations and Applications of the Zonal Cavity Method 18.5 Point Method 18.5.1 Initial Illuminance 18.5.2 Maintained Illuminance 18.5.3 Typical Photometric Report Solution: 18.6 Computer Calculations and Computer-Aided Design 18.6.1 Overview of Computer Technology 18.6.2 Lighting Calculation Programs 18.6.3 Applying Computer-Aided Design Software Questions Chapter Nineteen Lighting Design 19.1 Design Considerations 19.1.1 Visual Performance 19.1.2 Illuminance Levels and Luminance Ratios 19.1.3 Visual Comfort 19.1.4 Architectural Lighting Needs 19.1.5 Light Reinforcement of Spatial Impressions 19.1.6 Color 19.1.7 Interactions with Interior Design 19.1.8 Energy 19.1.9 Economics 19.1.10 Maintenance and Operation 19.1.11 Selection of Lighting Systems Indirect Versus Direct Lighting Systems Task Lighting Versus Uniform Ceiling Lighting 19.2 Lighting Design Development 19.2.1 Lighting Layout 19.2.2 Lighting Expressions 19.2.3 Perspective 19.2.4 Architectural Lighting 19.2.5 Lighting Reinforcement of Impressions 19.3 Lighting Design Documentation 19.3.1 Construction Drawings 19.3.2 Specifications and Luminaire Schedule 19.4 Daylight 19.4.1 Comfort and Energy 19.4.2 Factors to Consider in Designing for Daylight 19.4.3 Rules of Thumb in Designing for Daylight 19.5 Exterior Lighting Design 19.5.1 Design Considerations 19.5.2 Lighting System Selection Questions Chapter Twenty Noise and Vibrations in Mechanical and Electrical Systems* 20.1 Retrospection 20.2 Noise Control: An Overview 20.3 Building Spaces Where Acoustical Concerns May Arise 20.3.1 Public Areas 20.3.2 General Offices 20.3.3 Executive Offices 20.3.4 Assembly Areas 20.3.5 Special-Purpose Areas—Quiet 20.3.6 Special-Purpose Areas—Noisy 20.3.7 Assembly and Public Spaces Requiring Special Consideration 20.3.8 Churches, Theaters, and Performance Spaces 20.4 Basic Concepts of Sound1 20.4.1 The Decibel 20.4.2 Frequency 20.4.3 Typical Sounds 20.4.4 A, C, and Linear Weighting in Acoustical Measurements 20.4.5 General Perceptions of Sound 20.4.6 Common Sounds 20.5 Adding Decibel Quantities 20.6 Sound Pressure, Sound Power, and Sound Intensity Level 20.6.1 Definition of Quantities 20.6.2 Propagation of Sound 20.6.3 Sound in Rooms 20.7 Useful Design Criteria 20.7.1 Noise Criteria (NC) 20.7.2 Guidelines for Speech Interference 20.7.3 Outdoor Noise Criteria 20.8 Acoustical Design Considerations in HVAC Systems 20.9 Mechanical Equipment Rooms 20.10 Rooftop Units (RTUs) 20.11 Noise in Air Supply Systems 20.11.1 General Considerations 20.11.2 Fans General Characteristics of Fans Fan Blade Pass Frequency Solution: Fan Sound Power Fan Selection Electronic Variable-Speed Controlled Fans 20.12 Sound in Ducts 20.12.1 Flow-Generated Sound 20.12.2 Air Velocity and Sound Propagation in Ducts 20.12.3 Characteristics of Ducts Unlined Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts Acoustically Lined Rectangular Sheet Metal Ducts Unlined Circular Sheet Metal Ducts Acoustically Lined Circular Sheet Metal Ducts Nonmetallic Insulated Flexible Ducts Rectangular Sheet Metal Duct Elbows 20.13 Duct Silencers 20.13.1 Absorptive Silencers 20.13.2 Reactive Silencers 20.13.3 Active Silencers 20.13.4 Other Types and Uses of Silencers 20.14 Plenum Chambers 20.15 Sound Power Division in Duct Branches 20.16 Duct End Reflection Loss 20.17 Return Air Systems 20.18 Room Sound Correction 20.19 Transmission of Sound Through Walls and Ceilings 20.19.1 Sound Transmission Through Walls 20.19.2 Sound Transmission Class (STC) 20.19.3 Field Sound Transmission Class (FSTC) 20.19.4 Sound Transmission Through Ceiling Systems 20.20 Isolation of Mechanical Vibration 20.20.1 Undamped Vertical Vibration with a Single Degree of Freedom 20.20.2 Inertia Base 20.20.3 Coupled Vertical and Rocking Motion 20.20.4 Undamped Vertical Vibration with Flexible Base 20.21 Vibration Isolators 20.22 Seismic Vibration Control and Restraint 20.23 The Richter Scale 20.24 Guidelines for Seismic Design 20.24.1 Seismic Zones 20.24.2 Commercially Available Seismic Restraints 20.24.3 Life Safety Systems Questions Chapter Twenty-One Architectural Accommodation and Coordination of Mechanical and Electrical Systems 21.1 Systems to Be Integrated 21.2 Space Allowances for Mechanical and Electrical Systems 21.3 Utility Service Connections 21.4 HVAC Decisions and Coordination 21.5 Selecting the Energy Source for Heating Solution: 21.5.1 Gas Service Provisions 21.5.2 Oil Storage for Heating or Generators Solution: 21.5.3 Heating Systems and Equipment Coordination HVAC Boilers District (or Campus) Steam 21.6 Cooling Equipment and Systems Coordination 21.6.1 Heat Rejection Equipment Condensers and Condensing Units Cooling Towers 21.6.2 HVAC Chillers 21.6.3 District (or Campus) Chilled Water 21.7 HVAC Air Handling and Delivery 21.7.1 Small Units in Occupied Space 21.7.2 Central Air-Handling Systems 21.7.3 Unit Size and Area Served by Individual Units 21.7.4 Space Planning for Air-Handling Equipment 21.7.5 Planning for Rooftop Units 21.8 Plumbing Coordination 21.8.1 Water Service Entrance 21.8.2 Sanitary Sewer 21.8.3 Storm Sewer 21.8.4 Water Heating 21.8.5 Waste Piping 21.8.6 Maintenance Access for Plumbing 21.9 Fire Suppression 21.10 Electrical Decisions and Coordination 21.10.1 Power Service to Building 21.10.2 Electrical Service Voltage Implications on Planning 21.10.3 Electrical Room Fire Ratings 21.10.4 Code Clearances, Work Space, and Egress 21.10.5 Electrical Panels and Receptacle Transformers 21.10.6 Telecom Wiring Closets and Server Rooms 21.10.7 Electrical Raceway System Coordination 21.10.8 Options with Access Floors 21.11 Generators 21.12 Ceilings 21.12.1 Coordinating Multiple Services 21.12.2 Exposed versus Concealed Ceilings 21.13 Equipment Access Accommodations 21.14 Vertical Chases 21.15 Roof Elements 21.15.1 Stacks and Exhaust Vents 21.15.2 Exhaust Fans Questions Appendix A Glossary of Terms, Acronyms, and Abbreviations Appendix B Glossary of Technical Organizations Appendix C Units and Conversion of Quantities Index

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