Table of contents : Cover About the Author New to the Eleventh Edition Introducing Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th edition, Global Edition Instructors: Use MasteringA&P to Personalize Your Course Students: Use MasteringA&P to Study Anytime, Anywhere Help A&P Students Study & Retain Information Bring A&P Concepts to Life Bring the Real World into the Classroom Resources for Students and Instructors Acknowledgments Brief Contents Contents Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Physiology Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Levels of Structural Organization From Atoms to Organisms Organ System Overview Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth Survival Needs Homeostasis Homeostatic Controls The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position Directional Terms Regional Terms Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Body Landmarks Body Planes and Sections Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity Other Body Cavities Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry Concepts of Matter and Energy Matter Energy Forms of Energy Energy Form Conversions Composition of Matter Elements and Atoms Atomic Structure The Basic Atomic Subparticles Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom Identifying Elements Atomic Number Atomic Mass Atomic Weight and Isotopes Molecules and Compounds Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions Bond Formation Role of Electrons Types of Chemical Bonds Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reactions Decomposition Reactions Exchange Reactions Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter Inorganic Compounds Water Salts Acids and Bases Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Part I: Cells Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life Anatomy of a Generalized Cell The Nucleus Nuclear Envelope Nucleoli Chromatin The Plasma Membrane The Fluid Mosaic Model Membrane Junctions The Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Organelles Cell Extensions Cilia and Flagella Microvilli Cell Diversity Cell Physiology Membrane Transport Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration Active Processes Cell Division Preparations: DNA Replication Events of Cell Division Protein Synthesis Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure The Role of RNA Transcription Translation Part II: Body Tissues Epithelial Tissue Special Characteristics of Epithelium Classification of Epithelium Simple Epithelia Stratified Epithelia Glandular Epithelium Connective Tissue Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix Types of Connective Tissue Bone Cartilage Dense Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue Blood Muscle Tissue Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Nervous Tissue Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) Part III: Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics” A Closer Look Cancer—The Intimate Enemy Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membranes Classification of Body Membranes Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous Membrane Mucous Membranes Serous Membranes Connective Tissue Membranes The Integumentary System (Skin) Functions of the Integumentary System Structure of the Skin Epidermis Dermis Skin Color Appendages of the Skin Cutaneous Glands Hair and Hair Follicles Nails Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin Burns Infections and Allergies Skin Cancer Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look a Wrinkle Out of Time Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist Systems in Sync Chapter 5: The Skeletal System Bones: An Overview Functions of the Bones Classification of Bones Structure of Bone Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Microscopic Anatomy Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling Bone Formation and Growth Bone Remodeling Bone Fractures Axial Skeleton Skull Cranium Facial Bones The Hyoid Bone Fetal Skull Vertebral Column (Spine) Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Thoracic Cage Sternum Ribs Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Bones of the Upper Limbs Arm Forearm Hand Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Bones of the Lower Limbs Thigh Leg Foot Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Joint Ventures Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist Systems in Sync Chapter 6: The Muscular System Overview of Muscle Tissues Muscle Types Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Muscle Functions Producing Movement Maintaining Posture and Body Position Stabilizing Joints Generating Heat Additional Functions Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle Activity Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole Graded Responses Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Tone Effect of Exercise on Muscles Muscle Movements, Types, and Names Types of Body Movements Special Movements Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body Naming Skeletal Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles Head and Neck Muscles Facial Muscles Chewing Muscles Neck Muscles Trunk Muscles Anterior Muscles Posterior Muscles Muscles of the Upper Limb Muscles of the Humerus That Acton the Forearm Muscles of the Lower Limb Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win? Systems in Sync Chapter 7: The Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System Structural Classification Functional Classification Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function Supporting Cells Neurons Anatomy Classification Physiology: Nerve Impulses Physiology: Reflexes Central Nervous System Functional Anatomy of the Brain Cerebral Hemispheres Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum Protection of the Central Nervous System Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid The Blood-Brain Barrier Brain Dysfunctions Spinal Cord Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots White Matter of the Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Structure of a Nerve Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses Autonomic Nervous System Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division Autonomic Functioning Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look The “Terrible Three” A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems Systems in Sync Chapter 8: Special Senses Part I: The Eye and Vision Anatomy of the Eye External and Accessory Structures Internal Structures: The Eyeball Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball Lens Physiology of Vision Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain Eye Reflexes Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance Anatomy of the Ear External (Outer) Ear Middle Ear Internal (Inner) Ear Equilibrium Static Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium Hearing Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors A Closer Look Bringing Things into Focus Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant Chapter 9: The Endocrine System The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview The Chemistry of Hormones Hormone Action Direct Gene Activation Second-Messenger System Control of Hormone Release Endocrine Gland Stimuli The Major Endocrine Organs Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships Posterior Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones Anterior Pituitary Hormones Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla Pancreatic Islets Pineal Gland Thymus Gonads Hormones of the Ovaries Hormones of the Testes Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs Placenta Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone Systems in Sync Chapter 10: Blood Composition and Functions of Blood Components Physical Characteristics and Volume Plasma Formed Elements Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) Formation of Red Blood Cells Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets Hemostasis Disorders of Hemostasis Blood Groups and Transfusions Human Blood Groups Blood Typing Developmental Aspects of Blood Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System The Heart Anatomy of the Heart Size, Location, and Orientation Coverings and Walls of the Heart Chambers and Associated Great Vessels Heart Valves Cardiac Circulation Physiology of the Heart Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Cardiac Output Blood Vessels Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels Tunics Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation Special Circulations Physiology of Circulation Arterial Pulse Blood Pressure Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Dr¯ano! Systems in Sync Chapter 12: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Part I: The Lymphatic System Lymphatic Vessels Lymph Nodes Other Lymphoid Organs Part II: Body Defenses Innate Body Defenses Surface Membrane Barriers Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals Natural Killer Cells Inflammatory Response Phagocytes Antimicrobial Proteins Fever Adaptive Body Defenses Antigens Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview Lymphocytes Antigen-Presenting Cells Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response Active and Passive Humoral Immunity Antibodies Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response Organ Transplants and Rejection Disorders of Immunity Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague Systems in Sync Chapter 13: The Respiratory System Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System The Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Main Bronchi Lungs The Respiratory Membrane Respiratory Physiology Mechanics of Breathing Inspiration Expiration Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Nonrespiratory Air Movements Respiratory Sounds External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration External Respiration Gas Transport in the Blood Internal Respiration Control of Respiration Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth Respiratory Disorders Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good? Systems in Sync Chapter 14: The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System Anatomy of the Digestive System Organs of the Alimentary Canal Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Accessory Digestive Organs Teeth Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver and Gallbladder Functions of the Digestive System Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Food Ingestion and Breakdown Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis Activities of the Stomach Food Breakdown Food Propulsion Activities of the Small Intestine Food Breakdown and Absorption Food Propulsion Activities of the Large Intestine Food Breakdown and Absorption Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism Nutrition Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins Minerals Metabolism Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells Carbohydrate Metabolism Fat Metabolism Protein Metabolism The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism General Metabolic Functions Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport Body Energy Balance Regulation of Food Intake Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production Body Temperature Regulation Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: “Something is Eating at Me” A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted Systems in Sync Chapter 15: The Urinary System Kidneys Location and Structure Blood Supply Nephrons Urine Formation Glomerular Filtration Tubular Reabsorption Tubular Secretion Characteristics of Urine Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra Micturition Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments The Link between Water and Salt Regulation of Water Intake and Output Electrolyte Balance Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood Blood Buffers Respiratory System Controls Renal Mechanisms Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Systems in Sync Chapter 16: The Reproductive System Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Testes Duct System Epididymis Ductus Deferens Urethra Accessory Glands and Semen Seminal Glands Prostate Bulbo-urethral Glands Semen External Genitalia Male Reproductive Functions Spermatogenesis Testosterone Production Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Ovaries Duct System Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes Uterus Vagina External Genitalia and Female Perineum Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle Hormone Production by the Ovaries Mammary Glands Pregnancy and Embryonic Development Accomplishing Fertilization Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother Anatomical Changes Physiological Changes Childbirth Initiation of Labor Stages of Labor Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System Summary Review Questions Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy Systems in Sync Appendixes Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements* Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals Appendix D: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions Credit Photographic Credits Art Credits Text Credits Glossary Index

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