لایب سان

9781292348797 1292348798

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Text and Illustration Team -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology -- An Introduction to Studying the Human Body -- 1-1 All living things display responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism -- 1-2 Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function -- Anatomy -- Physiology -- 1-3 Levels of organization progress from atoms and molecules to a complete organism -- 1-4 The human body consists of 11 organ systems -- 1-5 Homeostasis is the state of internal balance 1-6 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them -- Negative Feedback -- Positive Feedback -- 1-7 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections -- Surface Anatomy -- Sectional Anatomy -- 1-8 Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape -- The Thoracic Cavity -- The Abdominopelvic Cavity -- SPOTLIGHT -- Levels of Organization -- CLINICAL NOTES -- Homeostasis and Disease -- Imaging Techniques -- Chapter Review -- 2 The Chemical Level of Organization An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization -- 2-1 Atoms are the basic particles of matter -- Atomic Structure -- Isotopes -- Atomic Weight -- Electron Shells -- 2-2 Chemical bonds are forces formed by interactions between atoms -- Ionic Bonds -- Covalent Bonds -- Hydrogen Bonds -- 2-3 Decomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology -- Basic Energy Concepts -- Types of Reactions -- Reversible Reactions -- 2-4 Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering a reaction's activation energy 2-5 Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon, and organic compounds always contain carbon -- 2-6 Physiological systems depend on water -- 2-7 Body fluid pH is vital for homeostasis -- 2-8 Acids, bases, and salts have important physiological roles -- Salts -- Buffers and pH -- 2-9 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio -- Monosaccharides -- Disaccharides and Polysaccharides -- 2-10 Lipids contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2 -- Fatty Acids -- Fats -- Steroids -- Phospholipids 2-11 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids -- Protein Function -- Protein Structure -- Enzyme Function -- 2-12 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids -- Structure of Nucleic Acids -- 2-13 ATP is a high-energy compound used by cells -- 2-14 Chemicals form functional units called cells -- SPOTLIGHT -- Chemical Notation -- CLINICAL NOTE -- Too Sweet on Sugar? -- Chapter Review -- 3 Cell Structure and Function -- An Introduction to Cell Structure and Function -- 3-1 The study of cells provides the foundation for understanding human physiology

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