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Ebook details:
عنوان: Discovering Physical Geography, 4th Edition
نویسنده: Alan F. Arbogast
ناشر: New York : Wiley, 2017
زبان: English
شابک:1119344514
حجم: 143 Mb
فرمت: True Pdf

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- About the Author -- Preface -- A Guide to the Features -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to Physical Geography -- The Scope of Geography -- Defining Physical Geography -- The Earth's Four Spheres -- Organization of This Book -- Exploring Cause-and-Effect Relationships Holistically -- Emphasis on Human Interactions with the Environment -- Geo Media Library: An Interactive Tool -- Focus on Geographical Literacy -- Physical Geography Is Interesting, Exciting, and Very Relevant to Your Life -- Geo Media: Stream Meandering -- Check Your Understanding -- 2 The Geographer's Tools -- The Geographic Grid -- Latitude -- Longitude -- Using the Geographic Grid -- Geo Media: Using the Geographic Grid -- Human Interactions: The United States Public Land Survey -- Maps-The Basic Tool of Geographers -- Map Projections -- Map Scale -- Isolines -- Geo Media: Using Maps -- Digital Technology in Geography -- Remote Sensing -- Global Positioning Systems -- Geographic Information Systems -- Geo Media: Using a Geographic Information System -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 3 Earth-Sun Geometry and the Seasons -- Our Place in Space -- The Shape of Earth -- Earth's Orbit Around the Sun -- The Earth's Rotation and Axial Tilt -- The Seasons -- Solstice and Equinox -- Human Interactions: How We See Earth-Sun Geometry on Earth -- Day and Night -- Geo Media: Orbital View and Earth as Viewed from the Sun -- Seasonal Changes in Sun Position (Angle) and Length of Day -- Geo Media: Celestial Dome -- Geo Media: Sun Angle and Length of Day -- Geo Media: Earth-Sun Geometry and Ancient Humans -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 4 The Global Energy System -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Solar Energy -- The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Solar Energy and the Solar Constant. Geo Media: The Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Composition of the Atmosphere -- Constant Gases -- Variable Gases -- Particulates -- The Flow of Solar Radiation on Earth -- Heat Transfer -- Flow of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere -- Interaction of Solar Radiation and the Earth's Surface -- Geo Media: The Angle of Incidence -- The Global Radiation Budget -- Geo Media: The Global Energy Budget -- Human Interactions: Solar Energy Production -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 5 Global Temperature Patterns -- Layered Structure of the Atmosphere -- The Troposphere -- The Stratosphere -- The Mesosphere -- The Thermosphere -- Surface and Air Temperatures -- Human Interactions: Calculating the Heat Index and Wind Chill -- Large-Scale Geographic Factors That Influence Air Temperature -- Local Factors That Influence Air Temperature -- Geo Media: Surface Temperature -- The Annual Range of Surface Temperature (A Holistic Assessment) -- Geo Media: Maritime vs. Continental Effect -- Geo Media: Global Temperature Patterns -- Human Interactions: Urban Heat Islands -- Geo Media: Temperature and Location -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 6 Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation -- Atmospheric Pressure -- Factors That Influence Air Pressure -- Measuring and Mapping Air Pressure -- Atmospheric Pressure Systems -- Low-Pressure Systems -- High-Pressure Systems -- The Direction of Airflow -- Unequal Heating of Land Surfaces -- Pressure Gradient Force -- Geo Media: Fluctuations in the Pressure Gradient -- Coriolis Force -- Frictional Forces -- Geo Media: The Coriolis Force -- Global Pressure and Atmospheric Circulation -- Tropical Circulation -- Midlatitude Circulation -- Geo Media: Global Atmospheric Circulation -- Polar Circulation -- Seasonal Migration of Pressure Systems -- Geo Media: The Asian Monsoon. Human Interactions: Harnessing Wind Energy -- Geo Media: Global Atmospheric Circulation and Water VaporMovement -- Local Wind Systems -- Land-Sea Breezes -- Topographic Winds -- Oceanic Circulation -- Gyres and Thermohaline Circulation -- El NinÌ#x83;o -- Geo Media: El NinÌ#x83;o -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 7 Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation -- Physical Properties of Water -- Hydrogen Bonding -- Thermal Properties of Water and Its Physical States -- Geo Media: Latent Heat -- The Hydrosphere and the Hydrologic Cycle -- Humidity -- Maximum, Specific, and Relative Humidity -- Dew-Point Temperature -- Geo Media: Atmospheric Humidity -- Evaporation -- Adiabatic Processes -- The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- Geo Media: Adiabatic Processes -- The Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- Cloud Formation and Classification -- Cloud Classification -- Fog -- Precipitation -- Types of Precipitation -- Precipitation Processes -- Geo Media: Orographic Processes -- Geo Media: Convectional Precipitation -- Human Interactions: Recent Droughts in the U.S. -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 8 Air Masses and Cyclonic Weather Systems -- Air Masses and Fronts -- Air Masses -- Fronts -- Evolution and Character of Midlatitude Cyclones -- Upper Airflow and the 500-mb Pressure Surface -- Interaction of Upper Airflow and Surface Airflow -- Cyclogenesis -- Geo Media: Formation of a Midlatitude Cyclone -- Thunderstorms -- Evolution of Thunderstorms -- Geo Media: Migration of a Midlatitude Cyclone -- Geo Media: Formation of Thunderstorms -- Severe Thunderstorms -- Tornadoes -- Geo Media: Tornadoes -- Tropical Cyclones -- Hurricanes -- Human Interactions: Coping with Destructive Hurricanes -- Geo Media: Tracks of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding. 9 Global Climates and Global Climate Change -- Climate and the Factors That Affect It -- KoÌ#x88;ppen Climate Classification -- Geography of KoÌ#x88;ppen Climates -- Tropical (A) Climates -- Arid and Semi-Arid (B) Climates -- Geo Media: Tropical Savanna Climate ( Aw) -- Mesothermal (C) Climates -- Microthermal (D) Climates -- Geo Media: Humid Subtropical Hot-Summer Climate (Cfa, Cwa) -- Geo Media: Marine West-Coast Climates (Cfb, Cfc) -- Polar (E) Climates -- Highland (H) Climates -- Geo Media: Global Climates -- Geo Media: Remote Sensing and Climate -- Reconstructing Past Climates -- Pollen Records -- Tree Ring Patterns -- Ice Core Analysis -- Causes of Past Climate Change -- Geo Media: Reconstructing Past Climates Using OxygenIsotopes -- Geo Media: The Milankovitch Theory -- Human Interactions and Ongoing Climate Change -- The Carbon Cycle -- Is Anthropogenic Climate Change Really Occurring? -- Predicting Future Climate Change -- Geo Media: The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 10 Plant Geography -- Ecosystems and Biogeography -- The Process of Photosynthesis -- Geo Media: Photosynthesis and Respiration -- The Relationship of Climate and Vegetation: The Character and Distribution of Global Biomes -- Forest Biomes -- Grassland Biomes -- Desert Biomes -- Tundra Biome -- Local and Regional Factors That Influence the Geographic Distribution of Vegetation -- Slope and Aspect -- Vertical Zonation -- Plant Succession -- Geo Media: Plant Succession -- Riparian Zones -- Human Interactions: Human Influence on Vegetation Patterns -- Deforestation -- Agriculture in the Midlatitude Grassland Biome -- Geo Media: Deforestation -- Overgrazing -- Geo Media: Remote Sensing and the Biosphere -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 11 The Global Distribution and Character of Soils. What Is Soil? -- Basic Soil Properties -- Soil-Forming (Pedogenic) Processes -- Soil-Forming Factors -- Measurable Soil Characteristics -- Soil Chemistry -- Soil pH -- Colloids and Cation Exchange -- Soil Profiles (Reading the Soil) -- Geo Media: Soil Colloids and pH -- Time and Soil Evolution -- Soil Science and Classification -- Geo Media: Soil Horizon Development -- The Twelve Soil Orders -- Geo Media: African Climate, Vegetation, and Soils -- Geo Media: Regional Pedogenic Processes -- Geo Media: North American Climate, Vegetation, and Soils -- Human Interactions with Soils -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 12 Earth's Internal Structure, Rock Cycle, and Geologic Time -- Earth's Inner Structure -- The Major Layers -- Rocks and Minerals in the Earth's Crust -- Igneous Rocks -- Geo Media: Identification of Igneous Environments -- Sedimentary Rocks -- Geo Media: Clastic Rocks -- The Rock Cycle -- Geo Media: The Rock Cycle -- Geologic Time -- Geo Media: Geologic Time -- "Telling" Geologic Time -- Putting Geologic Time in Perspective -- A Holistic View of Geologic Time and the Rock Cycle: The Grand Canyon and the Spanish Peaks of Colorado -- Human Interactions with Geologic Time: The Anthropocene -- Summary of Key Concepts -- Check Your Understanding -- 13 Tectonic Processes and Landforms -- Plate Tectonics -- The Lithospheric Plates -- Plate Movement -- Geo Media: Continental Drift -- Types of Plate Movements -- Passive Margins -- Transform Plate Margins -- Plate Divergence -- Plate Convergence -- Geo Media: Folding -- Geo Media: Plate Tectonics -- Earthquakes -- Seismic Processes -- Human Interactions: Earthquakes as Natural Hazards -- Geo Media: Types of Faults -- Volcanoes -- Explosive Volcanoes -- Fluid Volcanoes -- Hotspots -- Geo Media: Walk the Pacific Ring of Fire -- Geo Media: Volcanoes -- Summary of Key Concepts.

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