لایب سان

Front cover......Page 1 Series Preface......Page 8 Preface......Page 9 Biographies......Page 11 Contributors......Page 13 Table of Contents......Page 17 Introduction......Page 21 I. Introduction......Page 23 B. Phospholipids and Cholesterol......Page 24 C. Glycolipids......Page 25 E. Cholesterol Sulfate......Page 26 A. Chemistry......Page 27 B. Phase Behavior......Page 28 B. Commercial Applications......Page 30 References......Page 31 I. Introduction......Page 35 II. SC and Hair: Similarities and Differences......Page 37 III. Sorption Isotherms of Keratins and Other Related Techniques......Page 38 IV. Tightly Bound Water......Page 40 VI. Free Water......Page 41 VII. Influence of Lipids and Hydrosoluble Materials......Page 42 VIII. SC and Hair Swelling......Page 43 References......Page 44 Stratum Corneum pH and Ions - Distribution and Importance......Page 47 B. Methods of Measurement......Page 48 1. Histidine-to-Urocanic Acid Pathway......Page 49 3. Membrane Antiporters Regulate SC Acidification and Function......Page 50 2. Gender......Page 51 3. Endogenous Factors Related to Clinical Pathological Situations......Page 53 E. Importance of pH for the Barrier......Page 54 F. pH Antimicrobial Function......Page 55 3. Visualization of the Calcium Distribution in the Epidermis......Page 56 4. Barrier Disruption and Calcium (Figure 3.3)......Page 57 6. Origin of the Calcium Gradient......Page 58 8. Importance of the Calcium Ion......Page 59 D. Sodium......Page 60 References......Page 61 A. Role of Water......Page 69 B. Effects on Intraepidermal Processes......Page 70 III. Influence of the Occlusion Time......Page 71 IV. Occlusive Materials and Wound Healing......Page 72 VI. Therapeutic USE......Page 73 VII. Measurement Parameters and Techniques......Page 74 VIII. Conclusions......Page 75 References......Page 76 Transepidermal Water Loss and Barrier Function......Page 81 Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements in Dermato-Cosmetic Sciences......Page 83 II. TEWL Measurement Techniques......Page 84 1. Age and Gender......Page 86 3. Anatomical Sites......Page 87 7. Stress......Page 88 1. Skin Mildness......Page 89 7. Protective Effects against Ultraviolet Damage......Page 90 D. Improvement of Topical Therapeutic Treatment by the Use of Noninvasive Methodology......Page 91 References......Page 92 I. Introduction......Page 97 II. Ultrasound and Water Content in Irritant Reactions......Page 99 References......Page 100 Standardization of Measurements and Guidelines......Page 103 II. Sources of Error and Associated Variables......Page 104 3. Measuring......Page 105 5. Use of the Probe Protection Covers......Page 106 1. Air Convections......Page 107 5. Skin Cleansing......Page 108 2. Anatomical Sites......Page 109 7. Intra- and Interindividual Variation......Page 110 III. Conclusions......Page 111 References......Page 112 I. Definition of Transepidermal Water Loss......Page 117 II. Stratum Corneum Constituents and Barrier Function......Page 118 III. Measuring TEWL......Page 119 V. TEWL as a Tool to Study the Irritant Potential of Chemicals......Page 120 VII. TEWL as a Predictor for Susceptibility for Skin Irritation and Irritant Contact Dermatitis......Page 121 References......Page 122 A. Eczematous Skin......Page 125 C. Skin Hyperreactivity......Page 126 D. ACD and Irritation......Page 127 III. TEWL and Patch Tests......Page 128 IV. TEWL and Topical Agents for ACD......Page 129 References......Page 130 I. Introduction......Page 133 A. Type of Compound......Page 134 C. Duration of Exposure in the One-Time Occlusive Patch Test......Page 135 D. Other Exposure Methods......Page 136 A. Preexposure Barrier Function......Page 137 B. Concomitant (Atopic) Dermatitis on Another Body Region......Page 138 D. Genetic Factors......Page 139 IV. Predictive Testing in the Occupational Setting......Page 140 V. Comments......Page 141 References......Page 145 II. Barrier Function......Page 149 III. Biophysical Parameters......Page 150 References......Page 152 II. What Is Subjective/Sensory Irritation?......Page 155 IV. Correlation of Self-Assessed Effects and Subclinical Change......Page 156 VII. Correlation of TEWL and Sensory Irritation......Page 158 References......Page 160 I. Introduction......Page 163 B. TEWL Measurements to Examine Skin Barrier Properties......Page 164 A. TEWL of Aging Skin......Page 165 B. Percutaneous Penetration and Skin Aging......Page 167 C. Proclivity to Skin Irritation of the Elderly......Page 169 III. Discussion......Page 171 A. Physicochemical Interpretation......Page 172 References......Page 175 Abstract......Page 179 A. The Eczematous Skin in Atopic Dermatitis......Page 180 B. The Noneczematous Skin in Atopics......Page 181 C. TEWL as Predictor for the Development of Irritant Contact Dermatitis in Atopics?......Page 183 A. PSORIASIS......Page 184 B. Congenital Keratinization Disorders......Page 185 References......Page 186 I. Introduction......Page 191 B. Chemical Analysis......Page 192 C. Morphology and Function......Page 193 A. Genetic Factors......Page 194 B. Environmental and Behavioral Factors......Page 195 V. Treatment Effects......Page 196 References......Page 200 I. Defining Sensitive Skin......Page 207 II. Modeling the Sensory Irritation Component of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The Lactic Acid Sting Test (LAST)......Page 208 III. Factors Determining Chemically Induced Stinging......Page 209 B. Directional Trends with Less Clearly Established Statistical Significance......Page 210 V. Discussion......Page 211 References......Page 215 I. Introduction......Page 217 III. Barrier Disruption And Repair......Page 218 A. Environmental Humidity......Page 219 B. Electric Potential......Page 221 C. Psychological and Physiological Aspects......Page 222 D. Cosmetics......Page 223 References......Page 225 Testing the Efficacy of Moisturizers......Page 231 II. Definitions......Page 232 A. Water in the SC......Page 233 2. Effects on Damaged/Diseased Skin or Skin with Modified Barrier Function......Page 234 D. Mode of Action of Moisturizers......Page 235 1. Testing Moisturizers......Page 236 2. Testing Humectants......Page 239 B. Effects of Repeated Applications......Page 240 1. Single Irritation......Page 241 2. Cumulative Irritation......Page 243 3. Discussion and Conclusion......Page 248 VII. Conclusion......Page 251 References......Page 252 I. Introduction......Page 257 II. Mat......Page 258 A. MAT and Skin Irritation......Page 259 III. Post......Page 260 A. POST in Dry and Irritated Skin......Page 261 A. SDT in Psoriatic Skin......Page 262 C. SDT in Delipidized Skin......Page 263 References......Page 264 Water Content......Page 267 I. Introduction......Page 269 III. Measuring Principle......Page 270 IV. Structure of the Sensor......Page 273 C. Important Notes for the User......Page 275 VIII. Corneometer in Comparison with Other Bioengineering Instruments......Page 276 X. Penetration Depth of the Measurement with the Corneometer CM 825......Page 277 XII. Software......Page 279 References......Page 280 I. Introduction......Page 283 2. Probes for the DPM 9003......Page 284 C. The Edwina Software......Page 285 A. Static Measurements......Page 286 B. The Water Sorption/Desorption Test......Page 287 C. The Moisture Accumulation Test......Page 288 D. Correlations with Other Methods......Page 290 G. Precautions when Using the Instrument......Page 291 References......Page 292 I. Introduction......Page 295 II. The Vapor Pressure Gradient Estimation Method of Nilsson......Page 296 III. The Computerized Dermalab TEWL Probe......Page 298 IV. Diagnostic Programs......Page 299 V. Calibration Procedures......Page 300 VI. Measurement of TEWL Under Steady-State Conditions......Page 301 VIII. Measurement of TEWL Using Dual-Probe Instruments......Page 303 X. Concluding Remarks......Page 304 References......Page 305 I. Introduction......Page 307 1. Start-Up and Use......Page 308 1. Ambient Air Temperature and Humidity......Page 309 2. Age, Sex......Page 310 References......Page 311 I. Introduction......Page 315 II. Chemistry and Function of Dry Skin......Page 316 III. Chemistry and Function of Moisturizers......Page 317 IV. Treatment with Moisturizers......Page 318 V. Evaluation Techniques......Page 320 VI. Conclusion......Page 321 References......Page 322 A. Birth......Page 327 B. The First Month......Page 330 C. Infant Skin Hydration: Environmental Influences......Page 332 III. The Premature Infant......Page 333 IV. Role of Vernix Caseosa......Page 337 References......Page 338 Abstract......Page 343 I. Introduction......Page 344 III. TEWL......Page 345 IV. Hydration of Stratum Corneum......Page 346 V. Water Binding in the Stratum Corneum......Page 347 VI. Causes of Xerosis......Page 348 VII. Epidermal Lipids......Page 349 References......Page 350 Abstract......Page 355 I. Background......Page 356 II. What Is Measured?......Page 357 III. Impedance Spectroscopy of Skin......Page 360 IV. What Else About Barriers?......Page 366 V. What About Differential Diagnostics?......Page 367 References......Page 368 I. Introduction......Page 371 III. The Scaling Process in Psoriasis and Eczema......Page 372 IV. Methodological Aspects - Measurement of Skin Surface Hydration and TEWL......Page 373 VI. The Dry Surface - High Evaporative Water Loss Paradox of Psoriasis and Eczema......Page 375 VII. Measurement of Hydration Characteristics During Healing and Evaluation of Efficacy of Therapeutics......Page 376 References......Page 377 I. Introduction......Page 379 B. Water within the Corneocytes......Page 380 C. Water at the Skin Surface......Page 381 C. Ultraviolet-Exposed Skin......Page 382 1. Ichthyosis Vulgaris......Page 383 B. Atopic Dermatitis......Page 384 V. Potential Use of Lipids for Restoration of Normal Hydration......Page 385 References......Page 386 Xerotic Skin and Impairment of Barrier Function Associated with Itch......Page 389 B. Senile Xerosis......Page 390 II. HIV and Xerosis......Page 391 III. Pathophysiology of Itch in Xerotic Skin......Page 392 References......Page 393 A. In Vitro Methods......Page 395 B. In Vivo Methods......Page 396 References......Page 403 A. Introduction......Page 407 B. The Concept of Dry Skin......Page 408 C. Water-Retaining Treatments......Page 409 II. Product-Testing Strategies Using the Bioengineering Device......Page 410 1. Short-Term Effects......Page 411 2. Long-Term Effects......Page 413 B. Surface Topography......Page 414 2. Long-Term Effects......Page 415 1. Short-Term Effects......Page 416 2. Long-Term Effects......Page 418 2. Long-Term Effects......Page 419 III. Ethics, Design, and Statistics......Page 420 References......Page 422 A......Page 427 C......Page 428 D......Page 429 E......Page 430 H......Page 431 I......Page 432 M......Page 433 O......Page 434 R......Page 435 S......Page 436 T......Page 438 W......Page 439 Z......Page 440

برای ارسال نظر لطفا وارد شوید یا ثبت نام کنید