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Cover image Title page Table of Contents Copyright Dedication Section Authors Board of Reviewers Preface Section 1: Cellular Physiology 1: Principles of Cell and Membrane Function Overview of Eukaryotic Cells Vesicular Transport Electrochemical Gradient Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure Key Points 2: Homeostasis: Volume and Composition of Body Fluid Compartments Concept of Steady-State Balance Volumes and Composition of Body Fluid Compartments Maintenance of Cellular Homeostasis Principles of Epithelial Transport Key Concepts 3: Signal Transduction, Membrane Receptors, Second Messengers, and Regulation of Gene Expression Cell-to-Cell Communication Receptors Receptors and Signal Transduction Pathways Regulation of Gene Expression by Signal Transduction Pathways Key Points Section 2: The Nervous System 4: The Nervous System: Introduction to Cells and Systems Cellular Components of the Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System Nervous Tissue Reactions to Injury Key Concepts 5: Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials Membrane Potentials Suprathreshold Response: The Action Potential Conduction of Action Potentials Key Concepts 6: Synaptic Transmission Electrical Synapses Chemical Synapses Synaptic Integration Modulation of Synaptic Activity Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter Receptors Key Concepts 7: The Somatosensory System Subdivisions of the Somatosensory System Discriminatory Touch and Proprioception Thalamic and Cortical Somatosensory Areas Pain and Temperature Sensation Transduction in the Somatosensory System Centrifugal Control of Somatosensation Key Concepts 8: The Special Senses The Visual System The Auditory and Vestibular Systems The Chemical Senses Key Points 9: Organization of Motor Function Principles of Spinal Cord Organization Descending Motor Pathways Brainstem Control of Posture and Movement Motor Control by the Cerebral Cortex Motor Control by the Cerebellum Motor Control by the Basal Ganglia Eye Movement Key Points 10: Integrative Functions of the Nervous System The Cerebral Cortex Key Points 11: The Autonomic Nervous System and Its Central Control Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Ganglia Neurotransmitters Central Control of Autonomic Function Key Points Section 3: Muscle 12: Skeletal Muscle Physiology Skeletal Muscle Physiology Organization of Skeletal Muscle Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity Skeletal Muscle Types Modulation of the Force of Contraction Modulation of Force by Reflex Arcs Skeletal Muscle Tone Energy Sources During Contraction Oxygen Debt Fatigue Growth and Development Denervation, Reinnervation, and Cross-Innervation Response to Exercise Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Biophysical Properties of Skeletal Muscle Key Points 13: Cardiac Muscle Basic Organization of Cardiac Muscle Cells Control of Cardiac Muscle Activity Regulation of the Force of Contraction Cardiac Muscle Metabolism Cardiac Muscle Hypertrophy Key Points 14: Smooth Muscle Overview of Smooth Muscle Structure of Smooth Muscle Cells Control of Smooth Muscle Activity Innervation of Smooth Muscle Regulation of Contraction Regulation of Myoplasmic Calcium Concentration Development and Hypertrophy Synthetic and Secretory Functions Biophysical Properties of Smooth Muscle Key Concepts Section 4: The Cardiovascular System 15: Overview of Circulation The Heart The Cardiovascular Circuit Blood Vessels Key Points 16: Elements of Cardiac Function Electrical Properties of the Heart Conduction in Cardiac Fibers Cardiac Excitability Effects of Cycle Length Natural Excitation of the Heart and the Electrocardiogram Electrocardiography Arrhythmias The Cardiac Pump Key Points 17: Properties of the Vasculature Hemodynamics The Arterial System The Venous System Microcirculation and Lymphatic System Coronary Circulation Cutaneous Circulation Skeletal Muscle Circulation Cerebral Circulation Intestinal Circulation Hepatic Circulation Fetal Circulation Key Points 18: Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature Regulation of Heart Rate and Myocardial Performance Nervous Control of the Heart Rate Regulation of Myocardial Performance Regulation of the Peripheral Circulation Key Points 19: Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System Regulation of Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure Vascular Function Curve Relating the Cardiac Function Curve to the Vascular Function Curve A More Complete Theoretical Model: The Two-Pump System Role of the Heart Rate in Control of Cardiac Output Ancillary Factors That Affect the Venous System and Cardiac Output Interplay of Central and Peripheral Factors in Control of the Circulation Key Points Section 5: The Respiratory System 20: Introduction to the Respiratory System Lung Anatomical Structure/Function Relationships Circulatory Systems in the Lung Innervation Lung Embryology, Development, Aging, and Repair Key Points 21: Static Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics Pressures in the Respiratory System How a Pressure Gradient Is Created Lung Volumes and Their Measurement Measurement of Lung Volumes Determinants of Lung Volume Pressure-Volume Relationships Lung Compliance Surface Tension and Surfactant Key Points 22: Dynamic Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics Dynamic Lung Mechanics Work of Breathing Key Concepts 23: Ventilation, Perfusion, and Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships Ventilation Dead Space Ventilation: Anatomical and Physiological Alveolar Ventilation Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow Active Regulation of Blood Flow Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships Arterial Blood Hypoxemia, Hypoxia, and Hypercarbia Low Ventilation/Perfusion Alveolar Hypoventilation Diffusion Abnormalities Mechanisms of Hypercapnia Effect of 100% Oxygen on Arterial Blood Gas Abnormalities Regional Differences Key Points 24: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Gas Diffusion Oxygen Transport Carbon Dioxide Transport Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Acid-Base Balance Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve Key Points 25: Control of Respiration Ventilatory Control: An Overview Response to Carbon Dioxide Control of Ventilation: The Details Exercise Abnormalities in the Control of Breathing Key Points 26: Nonphysiological Functions of the Lung: Host Defense and Metabolism Host Defense Mucosal Immune System: Adaptive and Innate Immunity Epithelial Cells and Commensal Microbiota Protect the Lumen of the Airways Clinical Manifestations Associated With Abnormalities in Mucosal Innate and Adaptive Immunity Metabolic Functions of the Lung Key Points Section 6: Gastrointestinal Physiology 27: Functional Anatomy and General Principles of Regulation in the Gastrointestinal Tract Functional Anatomy Regulatory Mechanisms in the Gastrointestinal Tract Response of the GI Tract to a Meal Key Concepts 28: The Cephalic, Oral, and Esophageal Phases of the Integrated Response to a Meal Cephalic and Oral Phases Esophageal Phase Key Concepts 29: The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal Functional Anatomy of the Stomach Gastric Secretion Digestion in the Stomach Gastrointestinal Motility Gastric Motility Key Concepts 30: The Small Intestinal Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal Gastric Emptying in the Small Intestinal Phase Carbohydrate Assimilation Protein Assimilation Uptake of Peptides and Amino Acids Lipid Assimilation Water and Electrolyte Secretion and Absorption Absorption of Minerals and Water-Soluble Vitamins Motor Patterns of the Small Intestine Key Concepts 31: The Colonic Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal Overview of the Large Intestine Key Concepts 32: Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver Overview of the Liver and Its Functions Structural Features of the Liver and Biliary System Bile Formation and Secretion Ammonia Handling by the Liver Clinical Assessment of Liver Function Key Concepts Section 7: The Renal System 33: Elements of Renal Function Overview of Renal Function Functional Anatomy of the Kidneys Assessment of Renal Function Glomerular Filtration Renal Blood Flow Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate Key Concepts 34: Solute and Water Transport Along the Nephron: Tubular Function Solute and Water Reabsorption Along the Nephron Regulation of NaCl and Water Reabsorption Key Concepts 35: Control of Body Fluid Osmolality and Volume Control of Body Fluid Osmolality: Urine Concentration and Dilution Control of Extracellular Fluid Volume and Regulation of Renal NaCl Excretion Key Concepts 36: Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphate Homeostasis K+ Homeostasis Regulation of Plasma [K+] Alterations in Plasma [K+] K+ Excretion by the Kidneys Cellular Mechanism of K+ Secretion by Principal Cells and Intercalated Cells Regulation of K+ Secretion by the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Factors That Perturb K+ Excretion Overview of Calcium and Inorganic Phosphate Homeostasis Integrative Review of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitriol on Ca++ and Pi Homeostasis Key Concepts 37: Role of the Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid-Base Balance The HCO3− Buffer System Overview of Acid-Base Balance Net Acid Excretion by the Kidneys Response to Acid-Base Disorders Simple Acid-Base Disorders Key Concepts Section 8: The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems 38: Introduction to the Endocrine System Configuration of Feedback Loops Within the Endocrine System Chemical Nature of Hormones Transport of Hormones in the Circulation Cellular Responses to Hormones Key Points 39: Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism Continual Energy Supply and Demand: The Challenge Integrated Overview of Energy Metabolism Pancreatic Hormones Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis During Different Metabolic Phases Hormonal Regulation of Specific Metabolic Reactions and Pathways Leptin and Energy Balance Key Concepts 40: Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism Crucial Roles of Calcium and Phosphate in Cellular Physiology Physiological Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Regulation of [Ca++] and [Pi] by Small Intestine and Bone Physiology of Bone Integrated Physiological Regulation of Ca++/Pi Metabolism Key Concepts 41: The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Anatomy The Neurohypophysis The Adenohypophysis Key Concepts 42: The Thyroid Gland Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid Gland Production of Thyroid Hormones Transport and Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones Regulation of Thyroid Function Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormone Key Concepts 43: The Adrenal Gland Anatomy Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Key Concepts 44: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems The Male Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Index

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