لایب سان

Ebook details:
عنوان: An Introduction to Developmental Psychology (BPS Textbooks in Psychology) (9781118767207)
نویسنده: Alan Slater, J. Gavin Bremner
ناشر: BPS Blackwell; 3 edition (May 8, 2017)
زبان: English
شابک: 1118767209, 978-1118767207
حجم: 70 Mb
فرمت: True Pdf

Intro -- An Introduction to Developmental Psychology -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to Third Edition -- Part I Introduction -- 1 The Scope and Methods of Developmental Psychology -- Introduction -- Studying Changes with Age -- Concepts of Human Development -- 'Folk' theories of development: Punishment or praise? -- Defining development according to world views -- Ways of Studying Development -- Designs for studying age-related changes -- Research methods -- Beyond Common Sense: The Importance of Research Evidence -- Social policy implications of child development research -- Developmental Functions: Growing and Changing -- Continuous function (a) -- increasing ability -- Continuous function (b) -- decreasing ability -- Discontinuous (step) function -- U-shaped functions -- Comparing developmental functions -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 2 Theories and Issues in Child Development -- Introduction -- Motor Development -- Maturational theories -- Dynamic systems theory -- Cognitive Development -- Piaget's theory of development -- Developmental psychology before Piaget -- Fundamental aspects of human development, according to Piaget -- The four stages of cognitive development -- Information Processing Approaches -- Cognitive development in infancy -- Cognitive development in childhood -- Connectionism and brain development -- Summary -- Comparing information-processing approaches with Piaget's approach -- Social-Cognitive Development -- Vygotsky -- Behaviourism and social learning theory -- Ethology and Evolution -- Evolution -- The ethological approach -- Emotional Development -- Attachment theory -- John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth -- Psychoanalytic Theories -- Sigmund Freud -- The founder of psychoanalysis -- The five psychosexual stages -- Problems with Freudian theory. Psychoanalysis, then and now: An overview -- Modern psychoanalysts -- Anna Freud and Erik Erikson -- Humanistic Theory -- Abraham Maslow -- Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs -- Putting It all Together -- Different Theories for Different Needs -- Gender development -- Issues in Child Development -- The nature-nurture issue -- Stability versus change -- Continuity versus discontinuity -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 3 The Nature-Nurture Debate -- Introduction -- Precocial and altricial species -- Nativism and empiricism -- Cognitive Development -- The start of it all: The first intelligence test -- What is intelligence -- one ability or several? -- Intelligence test items -- Controversies and issues in intelligence -- Heritability -- Heritability estimates -- Genetic Contributions to Cognitive Growth -- Familial resemblance -- Missing heritability -- Gene Ã#x97; environment interaction (GÃ#x97;E) -- Environmental Influences on Cognitive Development -- Adoption studies -- The Flynn effect -- Compensatory Education -- Poverty and malnutrition -- Head Start and Sure Start -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- Part II Infancy -- 4 Prenatal Development -- Introduction -- The Brain, the Spinal Cord and the Emergence of Mind -- Processes and sequencing of brain development -- Development of the cerebral cortex -- Behavioural organisation -- Sensations -- Touch -- The chemosensory system -- The vestibular system -- The visual system -- The auditory system -- Prenatal and Transnatal Auditory Learning -- Learning about mother's voice and language -- Summary -- Risks to Foetal Development -- Effects of exposure to psychoactive substances -- Nutrition and foetal development -- Effects of maternal stress. Prenatal Development of Postnatal Functions: The Bridge to Infancy -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 5 Perception, Knowledge and Action in Infancy -- Introduction -- Visual Perception from Birth to Six Months -- Early limitations of vision: Are they really a problem? -- How can we investigate infant perception? -- Shape perception in newborns -- Newborns perceive a three-dimensional world -- Perceptual development in the first six months -- Summary -- Infants' Perception of People -- Face perception -- Discriminating between faces -- Preference for attractive faces -- Perceptual narrowing and face processing specialisation -- Imitation -- Voice perception -- Voice and speech discrimination -- Summary -- Infants' Knowledge of the World -- Jean Piaget and the development of object permanence -- Later Work on Infant Cognition -- The violation of expectation technique -- Evidence of object knowledge: The 'drawbridge study' and others -- Young infants reason about the number of objects in an event -- Young infants discriminate different numbers of items -- Summary -- Object Search Revisited -- Search failure is not due to lack of motor skill -- Seeking an explanation of the A not B error -- Summary and Conclusions -- Early knowledge -- Early knowledge does not guide action -- Remodelling Piaget's account -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 6 Emotional Development and Attachment Relationships -- Introduction -- Emotional Development -- Expressing and recognising emotional expressions -- Infant discrimination of facial expressions -- Emotion understanding -- Emotion understanding tasks -- Emotion regulation -- Attachment Relationships -- Bowlby's theory of attachment -- Mary Ainsworth and the strange situation procedure. Internal working models and the Adult Attachment Interview -- Longitudinal stability in attachment security -- Summary and Conclusions -- Emotional competence in infancy -- Later emotional competence -- Attachment theory -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 7 Early Social Interactions with People and Objects -- Introduction -- First Encounters with Others: Biology is Socially Oriented -- In the beginning it is rhythm: Synchrony or coordination? -- Imitation since birth or accompanying gestures? -- Adult-Infant Interaction Becomes Mutual -- First intentions are borrowed -- The Magic Number Three: Early Triadic Interactions with Others and Objects from the Beginning? -- Premature Babies, Incubator and the Kangaroo Experience -- Gestures to Communicate with Others -- Origin of gestures. What comes first? Does the infant make gestures to herself, or is it the adult who fosters them? -- Gestures used by adults: Distance between gesture (sign) and object (referent) -- More ideas on gestures in children with autism -- Functional Permanence of Objects and Communicative-Educational Practices -- Do autistic children use everyday life objects according to their function? -- Symbolic Uses of Objects -- General Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 8 The Development of Self and Gender -- Introduction -- Existential Self -- The development of self-agency -- Cognitive responses to the external world -- Infants are born to be sociable -- The Development of Self-Awareness -- The rouge on the nose test -- Explaining the development of self-awareness -- I Am Me but Am I Worthy? The Study of Self-Esteem -- Definition, Measurement and Origin -- Distinguishing between self-esteem and self-efficacy -- The Power of Language -- Attribution theory. This is my body: The development of a sense of body image -- Body parts and whole -- The tadpole stage in children's drawings -- Are children drawing themselves? -- Body size image -- Perception of Body Attractiveness -- Early social relationships -- Modelling and social comparison -- Re-constructing the body and body image -- Gender Identity Development -- Evaluating Freudian theory -- Boys and girls and shades of gender -- The boy who was raised as a girl -- Rewarding gender-appropriate behaviours -- Cognitive components of gender identity -- Construction of gender identity -- The Chosen Categorical Self -- Developing a national identity -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- Part III Childhood -- 9 Cognitive Development -- Introduction -- Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory -- Underlying structures and processes -- Piaget's stages of cognitive development -- Overall evaluation of Piaget's theory -- Case's Neo-Piagetian Theory -- Siegler's Overlapping Waves Theory -- Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective -- Overall evaluation of Vygotsky's theory -- Theory of Core Knowledge -- Summary and Conclusions -- Discussion Points -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- References -- 10 The Development of Language -- Introduction -- What Is Human Language? -- A communication system -- A symbolic system -- A rule-governed system -- Language is productive -- The Development of the Pragmatic System -- Turn-taking -- Initiating interactions -- Maintaining conversations -- Repairing faulty conversations -- The Development of the Phonological System -- Speech perception -- Speech production -- The development of articulation -- The Development of the Syntactic System -- The one-word period -- The two-word period -- Later syntactic development.

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